The first direct and sustained link between the Americas and Asia was the trade in

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4)To what extent did the British and Dutch trading companies change the societiesthey encountered in Asia?The Dutch acted to control not only the shipping but alsothe production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace. With much bloodshed, theDutch seized control of a number of small spice producing islands, forcing theirpeople to sell only to the Dutch. On the Banda Islands, the Dutch killed, enslaved, orleft to starve virtually the entire population and then replaced them with Dutchplanters, using a slave labor force to produce the nutmeg crop. Ultimately, the localeconomy of the Spice Islands was shattered by Dutch policies, and the people therewere impoverished. The British established three major trading settlements in Indiaduring the seventeenth century: Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. They secured theirtrading bases with the permission of Mughal authorities or local rulers. British traders

Reviewed Works: The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World by James D. Tracy; The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350-1750 by James D. Tracy; Dutch Primary in World Trade, 1585-1740 by Jonathan I. Israel; The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800 by Geoffrey Parker; Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830 by C. A. Bayly; Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire by C. A. Bayly; Emporia, Commodities and Entrepreneurs in Asian Maritime Trade c. 1400-1750 by Roderick Ptak, Dietmar Rothermund; Asia before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750 by K. N. Chaudhuri; Marchands et hommes d'affaires asiatiques dans l'Océan Indien et la Mer de Chine 13-20 siècles by Denys Lombard, Jean Aubin; Before Colonialism: Theories on Asian-European Relations 1500-1750 by M. N. Pearson; India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1750 by Ashin Das Gupta, M. N. Pearson; The Portuguese in India by M. N. Pearson; The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India, 1500-1800 by Sanjay Subrahmanyam; Merchants, Markets, and the State in Early Modern India by Sanjay Subrahmanyam; Improvising Empire: Portuguese Trade and Settlement in the Bay of Bengal 1500-1700 by Sanjay Subrahmanyam; Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828 by P. J. Marshall; The Company Weavers of Bengal: The East India Company and the Organization of Textile Production in Bengal, 1750-1813 by Hameeda Hossain; Saints, Goddesses, and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900 by Susan Bayly; Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680 by Anthony Reid; Strange Company: Chinese Settlers, Mestizo Women, and the Dutch in VOC Batavia by Leonard Blussé; Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society under Early Spanish Rule by Vicente L. Rafael; Yang Tingyun, Confucian and Christian in Late Ming China: His Life and Thought by N. Standaert; The Cambridge History of Japan. Volume 4: Early Modern Japan by John Whitney Hall, James L. McClain; A World Elsewhere: Europe's Encounter with Japan in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries by Derek Massarella

Review by: John E. Wills, Jr.

The American Historical Review

Vol. 98, No. 1 (Feb., 1993)

, pp. 83-105 (23 pages)

Published By: Oxford University Press

https://doi.org/10.2307/2166383

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2166383

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