________ channel conflict occurs between channel members at the same level.

Horizontal and vertical marketing conflicts involve disagreements among businesses in a marketing channel. A marketing channel is how a product moves from its manufacturer to the consumer. Channels have different stages, or levels. Typically, the first level of a channel is a factory. The second level is the wholesaler who buys a large number of products to sell to retail stores, which occupy the third and final level. When members of a channel disagree about methods or goals, conflicts ensue.

Horizontal Channel Conflicts

A horizontal conflict refers to a disagreement among two or more channel members at the same level. For example, suppose a toy manufacturer has deals with two wholesalers, each contracted to sell products to retailers in different regions. If one wholesaler decides to branch its operations into the other wholesaler’s region, a conflict will result. If the toy manufacturer doesn't help solve the problem, its business dealings with both the wholesalers – and the downstream retailers, as well – might be in jeopardy.

Vertical Channel Conflicts

Vertical conflicts involve a disagreement between two channel members on consecutive levels. For example, if the toy manufacturer discovers its products are arriving at retail stores later than scheduled, a conflict might develop between the manufacturer and the wholesaler responsible for shipping to retailers. At the same time, the retail stores might be in conflict with the wholesaler due to its inability to ship products on time.

Multichannel Conflicts in Separate Marketing Channels

Multichannel conflicts refer to disagreements among members in separate marketing channels. While neither strictly horizontal nor vertical, these conflicts can affect all members of every channel. For instance, suppose the toy manufacturer participates in two marketing channels. In the first channel, the manufacturer sells its products directly to consumers via its official website.

In the second channel, the manufacturer sells its products to wholesalers for resale to retailers. If the toy manufacturer’s website sells the products for much lower prices than retail stores, sales in the second channel will plummet. The resulting conflict will require some solution that works for both channels.

Considerations in Avoiding Channel Conflicts

No simple recipe exists for avoiding channel conflicts. In fact, conflicts can only be minimized, not avoided, according to the book “Marketing Management,” by Rajan Saxena. The most effective approach for business owners is to approach channel management with transparency and a willingness to find compromises that work for all the members of the various channels to which it belongs.

A company establishes a network of distributors and dealers in order to get the products to the end consumers. However, because this network is operated manually, it will always have friction. This friction comes in the form of channel conflict, which arises due to various reasons. Price differentiation can be one reason and territory encroachment can be another. However, if you look at the overall picture, there are many different reasons for channel conflicts but there are only three different types of such conflicts.

It is important that a company which sells its products through channel marketing, understanding the different types of channel conflicts and thereby take steps to manage channel conflicts. Let us understand the typical distribution channel first.

A typical channel will flow like this

Manufacturer >> C&F >> Distributor >> Retailer >> End consumer

In the above case, the manufacturer is level 1, the C&F or carrying or forwarding agent is level 2, the distributor is level 3, the retailer is level 4 and the end consumer is level 5. Understanding the levels is important to understand which level the channel conflict is arising from or is it on multiple levels. Let us delve deeper into these conflicts.

Table of Contents

The three type of channel conflicts which can occur are

1) Horizontal channel conflicts

One of the most common type of channel conflicts to occur are the horizontal ones. Horizontal channel conflict is a conflict between two players at the same level in the distribution channel. So a conflict between 2 distributors or a conflict between 2 retailers is known as horizontal channel conflict.

Example of Horizontal channel conflict

There are two stores in a region which are given a territory each. Store 1 is given territory 1. Store 2 is given territory 2. Now the channel conflict occurs, when store 1 services customers from territory 2 or vice versa. This means that the channels are not following rules set by the company and hence it is creating conflict.

There is a difference between competition and horizontal channel conflict. If store 1 and store 2 were both performing optimally so that they can show the best figures to the company and win the prize for the best channel dealer, then they are competitors. However, if they are breaking the company rules and encroaching each others territories, then this is clearly channel conflict. And it has to be managed by the company by setting a rule or a policy.

Such channel conflicts are one of the most common kinds of conflict in channel management. These arise due to human nature. Distributor in territory 1 might be more aggressive and the one in territory 2 might be passive. Thus, encroachment happens and is not controlled till the distributor 2 raises his voice against the injustice. Such Horizontal channel conflicts can happen at various levels in the channel and it is not necessary that it happen at retailer level only or the reason be encroachment only.

2) Vertical Channel conflict

Another type of conflict seen in channel management is the Vertical channel conflict. Where the horizontal channel conflict exists between players within the same level of the distribution channel, the vertical channel conflict happens at different levels of the distribution channel. A typical conflict might be between the retailer and the distributor, or it might be between the distributor / C&F and the company.

Example of vertical channel conflict –

Lets take the example of an Ice cream company. To motivate its dealers, many ice cream companies provide FREEZERS at discounted price along with the ice cream to their retailers. These freezers are used to keep the ice cream at frozen temperatures. Now, an ice cream company notices that Region 1 is not performing well and it can motivate region 1 by providing the freezer completely free. So it gives freezers for free in the market with ice cream so that ice cream sale rises. It actually does and because retailers are taking the freezer for free, they are stocking more ice cream and selling more ice cream. The company is happy.

However, Region 2 now gets news that this is happening in region 1 and that freezers are being provided for free to all retailers in region 1. The retailers of region 2 immediately revolt and ask for further discounts on freezers or to give the freezers completely free. They don’t understand that sales in region 2 is already high and margins are low for the company. Ultimately, this creates a vertical channel conflict for the company. Now the company has to decide whether it will support region 1 or region 2.

As you can see, handling vertical channel conflicts is far difficult for companies as compared to handling horizontal conflicts. Horizontal conflicts always happen at a lower level then the company. But vertical channel conflicts might involve the manufacturer or the distributors themselves. Hence, managing vertical channel conflicts becomes important for the company.

Another example of vertical channel conflict is a Distributor preferring one retailer over the other. In such a case, retailer 1 might get extra credit, he might get deliveries faster, he might get further discounts, whereas due to whatever reasons, retailer 2 might not get such benefits. It might be due to the distributors relations with Retailer 1 or it might be due to the nature of retailer 2 (haggling, rudeness). But this can be another real live example of vertical channel conflict.

3) Multiple channel conflict

Because of their very nature, vertical channel conflicts happen rarely, but  once they happen, they have a long lasting effect. In the recent decade, we have seen some fantastic examples of Multi channel conflicts.

When Small retailers and businessmen were thriving in business, Modern retail came in the picture. Large hypermarkets and malls were started where people could do all their shopping. An altogether different distribution channel was created. Due to their bulk buying power, these hypermarkets were giving huge discounts and making huge sales as well.

As a result, many companies were boycotted by small retailers because they felt left out and they could not cope with the price. This created a huge multiple channel conflict with small retailers standing in unity against the tyranny of large markets. Ultimately, the companies had to come in and settle the dispute by maintaining the price across multiple channels. So they set a standard price of products, whether it was selling in hyper markets or small retail.

Now, the same thing is repeating but the players are three fold – Small business, Modern retail and E-commerce. E-commerce went a step ahead of modern retail and even small businessmen got back at modern retailers by offering even lower prices on online platforms. There was no store to be leased, no rent to be paid, not a dollar to be spent but only material had to be bought and it had to be shipped. The lower the price of buying, the lower the selling price.

In the times of E-commerce, Hypermarkets had leased huge spaces for which they were paying sky high rents. When E-commerce started, hypermarkets dropped a bit in demand and today all of them are fighting each other. It is a constant multiple channel conflict for each company because if there are lower prices anywhere, it immediately gets public and then the other channel starts complaining or demanding lower prices. Furthermore, one channel might complain about the other and vice versa.

In the end, these are the three types of channel conflicts which exist in channel marketing. Horizontal conflict might be quite regular but its effect will be localised. Vertical conflict is not regular and its effect might be regional. However, multiple channel conflict generally has a national level effect because it always occurs when the company has made major changes.

What are the conflict between channel members?

What is vertical and horizontal channel conflict?

Which channel conflict is a conflict between two player at same level in the distribution channel?

What channel conflict can occur?