- An american, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder
- Work, culture, liberty -- all these we need, not singly but together, not successivly but together, each growing and aiding each, and all striving toward that vaster idea that swims before the negro people, the idea of human brotherhood, gainec through the
unifying ideal of Race; the ideal of fostering sand developing the traits and talents of the Negro, not in opposition to or contempt for other races, but rather in larfe conformity to the greater ideals of the American republic
That some day on american soil two world-races may give each to each those characteristics both so sadly lack
- the social structure works for the vast majority of people
-its functions, it is like a working organism
-it is
moving toward harmony, balance, and stability
-crime, inequality, war, hardship, etc. are part of a functioning society
Ex. Netherland Educational System
-VMBO: vocational school
-HAVO: university, bachelor's, law, education
-VWO: master's
-no matter which track you take, you will fit into society and all are needed for society to run
Sociology
the systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society
What are some goals of sociology?
to reveal the full extent of our interdependence, understanding the dynamic relationship between individuals who make choices and the social contexts that shape those choices
Sociological imagination
our recognition of the interdependent relationship between who we are as individuals and the social forces that shape our lives
Private troubles
problems we face in our immediate relationships with particular individuals in our personal lives
Public issues
problems we face as a consequence of the positions we occupy within the larger social structure
Private trouble or public issue?: Losing job because you were late
private trouble
Private trouble or public issue?: Losing job along with many others in your same position
public issue
Agency
the freedom individuals have to choose and to act
Social inequality
a condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, and power
Social science
the study of the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change
Theory
in sociology, a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior
Durkheim's theory
social forces shape individual action [primary causes are not God, biology, or individual's psyche]
What "ultimate individual choice" did Durkheim study?
suicide
Anomie
a weak sense of social solidarity due to a lack of agreed-upon rules to guide behavior [increases likelihood of loneliness, isolation...]
What did Karl Marx believe?
power and control over resources plays a role in how social order is established and maintained
Macrosociology
sociological investigation that concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations
Microsociology
sociological investigation that stresses the study of small groups and the analysis of our everyday experiences and interactions
Three sociological perspectives
functionalist, conflict, interactionist
Functionalist perspective
a sociological approach that emphasizes the way the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability
What sociologists followed the functionalist perspective?
Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, Robert Merton
Conflict perspective
a sociological approach that assumes social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to services, and political representation
What sociologists followed the conflict perspective?
Karl Marx, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida Wells-Barnett
Interactionist perspective
a sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction i border to explain society as a whole
What sociologists followed the interactionist perspective?
George Herbert Mead, Charles Horton Cooley, Erving Goffman
Personal sociology
the practice of recognizing the impact our individual position has on who we are and how we think and act, and of taking responsibility for the impacts our actions have on others
Applied sociology
the use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations
Clinical sociology
the use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering organizations or restructuring social institutions
Globalization
the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures. social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas
Sociology is
a. the analysis of individual motivation and internal struggles
b. concerned with
predicting what particular individuals do or do not do
c. the systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society and of the consequences of difference
d. the integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas
c.
According to C. Wright Mills, the sociological imagination focuses on the intersection between
a.
natural science and social science
b. power and access to resources
c. theory and research
d. history and biography
d.
What is the primary sociological lesson we learn from the hamburger-as-a-miracle example?
a. we take our interdependence and the knowledge we collectively share for granted
b. an individual could easily survive on his or her own without assistance from others
c. modern
technology makes it difficult for us to provide for our individual needs
d. interdependence is no longer necessary because we can provide for our needs through modern technology
a.
In their attempts to describe the relationship between sociology and common sense, sociologists argue that
a. common sense provides time-tested answers that are reliable most of the time, whereas sociological facts change all
the time
b. sociology depends on systematic analysis through research, whereas common sense does not
c. sociology cannot assess or test the truthfulness of commonsense claims
d. there is no significant difference between the two
b.
Emile Durkheim's research on suicide found that
a. Catholics had much higher suicide rates than Protestants
b. the more socially integrated someone is the less
likely he or she is to commit suicide
c. married people are more likely to take their lives than single people
d. suicide is a solitary act, unrelated to group life
b.
Karl Marx argued that in order to understand social order we must include analysis of
a. anomie
b. ownership of the means of production
c. the sociological imagination
d. microsociology
b.
Which sociologist made a major contribution to society through his in-depth studies of urban life, including both Black and White?
a. W.E.B. Du Bois
b. Emile Durkheim
c. Auguste Comte
d. Erving Goffman
a.
What is the sociological term for the weak sense of social solidarity that arises due to a lack of agreed-upon rules to guide behavior?
a. suicide
b.
alienation
c. anomie
d. agency
c.
Thinking of society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival is a reflection of which theoretical perspective?
a. the functionalist perspective
b. the conflict perspective
d. the interactionist perspective
a.
The career path with the specific intent of altering social relationships or restructuring organizations is known as
a. dramaturgical sociology
b. applied sociology
c. academic sociology
d. clinical sociology
d.
The ability to grasp the relationship between individual lives and the larger social forces that shape them is referred to as:
a. Sociological imagination
b. Sociological eye
c. Engineering
d.
Critical thinking
a.
According to Émile Durkheim, social facts are external to the individual, yet have a significant influence on our day-to-day behavior.
True
False
True
The scientific study of human social relationships, groups, and societies is known as:
a. Aerodynamics
b. Biology
c. Sociology
d.
Chemistry
c.
_____ paradigms are concerned with large-scale patterns and institutions, while _____ paradigms are concerned with social relations and interactions in specific, individual, situations.
a. Macro-level; micro-level
b. Structural; individual
c. Institutional; individual
d. Micro; macro
a.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of conflict theory?
a. Focuses solely on micro-level interactions
b. Can be used to understand class, gender, and racial inequality
c. Explains social organization in terms of conflict and competition
d. Addresses the question of who benefits and who loses in a given situation
a.
The ability of individuals and groups to exercise "free will" and to make social change is referred to as agency.
True
False
True
Max Weber founded and named sociology as a discipline, pushing for a positivist society in which knowledge would be based on scientific reasoning and facts.
True
False
False
Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of using the sociological imagination?
a. Assuming that a personal anecdote is indisputable evidence of a widespread phenomenon
b. Using structural explanations to understand the individual experience
c. Understanding the relationship between personal troubles and public issues
d. Making a connection between biography and history
a.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of anomie?
a. It is more common in
demographically homogenous areas than in demographically heterogeneous areas.
b. Individuals feel confused and anxious because they do not know how to interact with others.
c. It can arise as a society transitions from a traditional, agricultural state to a modern, industrial state.
d. It can be defined as a social condition of normlessness.
a.
The functionalist perspective emphasizes conflict and competition.
True
False
False
Scientific method
defining the problem
reviewing the literature
formulating the hypothesis
selecting a the research design and then collecting and analyzing data
developing the conclusion
Operational definition
transformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable
Casual logic
a relationship exists between variables in which change in one brings about change in the other
Correlation
a relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other [does not equal causation]
Sample [in research]
a selection from a larger population that is statistically representative of that population
Random sample
a sample for which every member of an entire population has an equal chance of being selected
Validity
the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study
Reliability
the extent to which a measure produces consistent results
Control variable
a factor that is help constant to test the relative impact of an independent variable
Research design
a detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically
Major research designs
surveys, observation, experiments, and existing sources
Survey
a study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, that provides researchers with information about how people think and act
Interview
a face-to-face or telephone questioning of a respondent to obtain desired information
Questionnaire
a printed, written, or computerized form used to obtain information from a respondent
Mean
a number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of values
Median
the midpoint, or number that divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers of values
Mode
the single most common value in a series of scores
Observation
a research technique in which an investigator collects information through direct participation and/or by closely watching a group or community
Ethnography
the study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation
Experiment
an artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables
Experimental group
the subjects in an experiment who are exposed to an independent variable introduced by a researcher
Control group
the subjects in an experiment who are not introduced to the independent variable by the researcher
Hawthorne effect
the unintended influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjects
Secondary analysis
a variety of research techniques that make use of previously collected and publicly accessible information and data
Content analysis
[secondary analysis] the systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by some rationale
Code of Ethics
the standards of acceptable behavior developed by and for members of a profession
1. Professional competence [use appropriate research techniques in proper ways]
2. Integrity [be honest, respectful, and fair]
3. Professional and Scientific Responsibility [adhere to the highest scientific and professional standards]
4. Social Responsibility [contribute to the public good]
Value neutrality
Max Weber's term for objectivity of sociologists in the interpretation of data
The first step in any sociological research project is to
a. collect data
b. define the problem
c. review previous research
d. formulate a hypothesis
b.
An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept is a[n]
a. hypothesis
b. correlation
c. operational definition
d. variable
c.
In sociological and scientific research, a hypothesis
a. is an educated guess
b. is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables
c. insists that science can deal only with observable entities known directly to experience
d. ensures that the people
being studied are representative of the population
b.
The variable hypothesized to cause or influence another is the
a. dependent variable
b. hypothetical variable
c. correlation variable
d. independent variable
d.
The degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study is known as
a.
reliability
b. sampling
c. validity
d. control
c.
Which research technique do sociologists use to ensure that data are statistically representative of the population being studied?
a. sampling
b.experiments
c. correlation
d. control variables
a.
Ethnography is an example of which type of research design?
a. surveys
b. observation
c. experiments
d. use of existing resources
b.
When Devah Pager did her studies in analyzing the relationship between race, criminal records, and job callbacks, which research technique did she use?
a. experiment
b. survey
c. secondary analysis
d. participant observation
a.
The unintended influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjects is known as
a. the correlation effect
b. confidentiality
c. validity
d. the Hawthorne effect
d.
According to Max Weber, researchers should not allow their personal feelings to influence the interpretation of data. He referred to this as
a. the code of ethics
b. content analysis
c. value neutrality
c. secondary analysis
c.
Correlation is a synonym for causation. If two variables are associated with one another, then it means one variable causes the other.
True
False
False
Creating an operational definition of a concept is an important part of the research process because it allows for the concept to be observed and measured.
True
False
True
The idea that concepts and measurement accurately represent what they claim to represent is referred to as:
a. Validity
b. Replication
c. Falsifiability
d. Reliability
a.
Using random sampling is not that important for representativeness. As long as you survey many people, the results will be representative of the population.
True
False
False
_____ variables include factors we can count, while _____ variables are variables that express a quality and do not have a numerical value.
a. Numerical, categorical
b. Qualitative, quantitative
c. Quantitative, categorical
d. Quantitative, qualitative
d.
As long as the main idea gets across, question-wording is largely unimportant and has little effect on the subject's response.
True
False
False
In sociological research, testable statements about the world that describe a possible relationship between two or more variables are referred to as:
a. Correlations
b. Hypotheses
c. Reliability
d. Causations
b.
The process of defining a problem, reviewing the literature, formulating a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and developing a conclusions is known as:
a. The sociological imagination
b. Data collection
c. The scientific method
d. Theoretical reasoning
e. The sociological method
c.
Which of the following would not be considered a quantitative variable?
a. The number of times the respondent visits church per month
b. Amount of money the respondent donates to his or her church
c. The respondent's religious affiliation
d. The number of hours spent volunteering with a church
c.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative research?
a. Some methods include focus groups, interviews, and
participant observation
b. Rich, in-depth data that closely investigates some phenomena
c. Data is converted into numbers
d. Small sample sizes
c.
culture
everything humans create in establishing our relationships to nature and with each other
society
the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction
cultural universal
a common practice or belief shared by all societies
sociobiology
the systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior
innovation
the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention
discovery
the process of uncovering or revealing an existing aspect of reality
invention
the combination of existing cultural artifacts to create something new
diffusion
the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society
Three types of culture
material, cognitive, normative
Material culture
our physical modification of the natural environment to suit our purposes
Technology
a form of culture in which humans modify the natural environment to meet particular wants and needs [high-tech and low-tech]
Cultural lag
a period of adjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions [still using agricultural school schedule, not making lifestyle changes to help with global warming...]
Cognitive culture
our mental and symbolic representations of reality [values, beliefs, knowledge, language...]
Language
a system of shared symbols; it includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and nonverbal gestures and expressions
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
the structure and vocabulary of language shapes our perception of reality and therefore also our actions [names of colors...]
Nonverbal communication
the use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate
Values
collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper -- or bad, undesirable, and improper -- in a culture
Normative culture
consists of the ways we establish, abide by, and enforce principles of conduct
Norm
an established standard of behavior maintained by a society
Folkways
norms governing everyday behavior, whose violation raises comparatively little concern
Mores
norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society
Formal norm
a norm that generally has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators
Laws
formal normes enforced by the state
Informal norm
a norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded
Sanction
a penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm
Dominant ideology
a set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimates existing powerful social, economic, and political interests
Subculture
a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society
Argot
specialized language used by members of a group or subculture
Counterculture
a subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture
Culture shock
the feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fear that people experience when they encounter unfamiliar cultural practices
Ethnocentrism
the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent what's normal or are superior to all others
Cultural relativism
the viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture
____ consists of everything humans create in establishing our relationships to nature and with each other.
a. innovation
b. society
c. ethnocentrism
d. culture
d.
People's need for food, shelter, and clothing is an example of what George Murdock referred to as
a. norms
b. folkways
c. cultural universals
d. cultural practices
c.
What is invention?
a. introducing a new idea or object to a culture
b. combining existing cultural artifacts to create something new
c. making known or sharing the existence of an aspect
of reality
d. the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives
b.
What term do sociologists use to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society?
a. diffusion
b. globalization
c. innovation
d. cultural relativism
a.
Which of the following statements is true according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
a. language simply describes reality
b. language legitimates existing social, economic, and political interests
c. language shapes our perception of reality
d. language formation is constrained by cultural universals
c.
What do norms provide for us that we need?
a. shared beliefs that unite us as one
b. established standards of behavior
c.
a system of shared symbols enabling us to communicate with each other
d. justification of existing inequality through shared beliefs and practices
b.
What type of norms is deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society, often because these norms embody the most cherished principles of a people?
a. formal norms
b. informal norms
c. mores
d. folkays
c.
Which of the following terms describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests?
a. mores
b. dominant ideology
c. consensus
d. values
b.
Terrorist groups are examples of
a. cultural universals
b. subcultures
c. countercultures
d. dominant ideologies
c.
What is the term used when seeks to understand another culture from its perspective, rather than dismissing it as "strange" or "exotic"?
a. ethnocentrism
b. culture shock
c. cultural relativism
d. cultural value
c.
Abstract and general standards in society that define ideal principles such as right and wrong are referred to as:
Select
one:
a. Values
b. Folkways
c. Laws
d. Technology
a
Some ___________________ of U.S. culture are: freedom of expression, democracy, and family.
Select one:
a. mores
b. values
c. folkways
d. sanctions
b
Bullfighting, a popular sport in Mexico, is seen as a barbaric sport to many Americans, but to Mexicans bullfighting is part of their history and therefore is a sport which is held in high regard. Understanding this sport from the viewpoint of Mexicans instead of the viewpoint of Americans would be an example of practicing ______________________________.
Select one:
a. Cultural diffusion
b. Cultural lag
c. Ethnocentrism
d. Cultural relativism
d
Examples of material culture include language, values, and norms.
Select one:
True
False
false
The beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to the members of a particular group constitute its ___________.
Select one:
a. society
b. language
c. culture
d. material culture
c
A subculture can take the form of a counterculture.
Select
one:
True
False
true
The worldview whereby we understand the practices of another society sociologically, in terms of that society's own norms and values and not our own, is referred to as:
Select one:
a. Cultural relativism
b. Ethnocentrism
c. Pluralism
d. Multiculturalism
a
Joan, a college student, receives an F in her chemistry class because she performed poorly on her exams and missed class on a regular basis. Her grade is an example of a ____________.
Select one:
a. positive sanction
b. positive reinforcement
c. cultural diffusion
d. negative sanction
d
Laws are examples of formal norms.
Select one:
True
False
true
A culture that exists together with a dominant culture but differs from it in some important respects is referred to as:
Select one:
a. Ethnicity
b. Subgroup
c. Folkway
d. Subculture
d
Socialization
the lifelong process through which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture
Self
our sense of who we are, distinct from others, and shaped by the unique combination of our social interactions
Looking-glass self
[Cooley] a theory that we become who we are based on how we think others see us
I
[Mead] the acting self that exists in relation to the Me
Me
[Mead] the socialized self that plans actions and judges performances based on the standards we have learned from others
Mead's three-stage process of self-development
preparatory stage, play stage, and game stage
Preparatory stage
until ~age 3, merely imitation
Play stage
~3-5 more aware of social relationships and attach meaning to actions
Game stage
~6-9 more fully appreciates that he is involved in interconnected relationships
Generalized other
the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior [takes into account an entire group of people]
Dramaturgical approach
[Goffman] a view of social interaction in which people are seen as actors on a stage attempting to pout on a successful performance
Impression management
the altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences
Face-work
the efforts people make to maintain a proper image and avoid public embarrassment
Cognitive theory of development
the theory that children's thought progresses through four stages of development: sensorimortor preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Sensorimortor stage
young children uses senses to make discoveries
Preoperational stage
use words to distinguish objects and ideas
Concrete operational stage
logical thinking
Formal operational
adolescents become capable of sophisticated abstract thought
Rite of passage
a ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another dramatizing and validating changes in a person's status
Life course approach
a research orientation in which sociologists and other social scientists look closely at the social factors that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death
Anticipatory socialization
processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships
Resocialization
the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life
Total institution
...