Which of the following examples would be best characterized as “genocide”?

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; KOENIG, Doreen. Women and International Human Rights Law: A Reference Guide. London: Transnational Publishers, 1999.

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BROWNMILLER, Susan. Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape. London: Penguin, 1975.

BOWRING, Bill; FOTTRELL, Derdre (ed.). Minority and Group Rights in the New Millenium. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1999.

CARD, Claudia. The Atrocity Paradigm: A Theory of Evil. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

CASALS, Neus Torbisco. Group Rights as Human Rights. UK: Springer, 2006.

COHEN, Roger. Ethnic Cleansing. In: Gutmand, R.; Rieff, D. (ed.). Crimes of War: What the Public Should Know. United Nations Final Report, 1999.

COPELON, Rhonda. Women and War Crimes. St. John’s Law Review, v. 69, p. 61-68, 1995.

Surfacing Gender: Reengraving the Crimes against Women in Humanitarian Law. In: Dombrowski, N. (ed.). Women and War in the Twentieth Century. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1999.

DONNELLY, Jack. Human Rights in Theory and Practice. London: Cornell University Press, 1996.

International Human Rights in the 21st Century. In: Lyons, Gene M.; Mayall, James (ed.). Protecting the Rights of Groups. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003.

EBOE-OSUJI, Chile. Rape as Genocide: Some Questions Arising. Journal of Genocide Research, v. 9, n. 2, p. 251-273, 2007.

FABRI, Mary R.; PSY, D. A Clinical Perspective of the Role of Gender in the Torture Experience. Chicago Torture Conference, mar. 4-7 1999. Available at:. Last access on: 31 Mar. 1999).

FEIN, Helen. Genocide and gender: the uses of women and group destiny. Journal of Genocide Research, v. 1, n. 1, pp. 43-63, 1999.

FREEMAN, Michael. Are There Collective Human Rights?. Political Studies, v. 43, n. 1, 1995.

. Human Rights: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Cambridge: Polity, 2002.

. Blackstone’s International Human Rights Documents. 2 ed. London: Blackstone Press Limited, 2000.

GILES, Wenona; HYNDMAN, Jennifer. Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflicts Zones, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.

GRAYZEL, Susan. Women’s Identities at War: Gender, Motherhood and Politics in Britain and France during First World War. Chapel Hill: University of Carolina Press, 1999.

GREEN, Jennifer. Uncovering Collective Rape: A Comparative Study of Political Sexual Violence. International Journal of Sociology, v. 34, pp. 97-116, 2004.

GREEN, Llezlie L. Sexual Violence and Genocide Against Tutsi Women. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, [n.v.], p. 733-776, Summer 2002. [Section 2. Effects of Sexual Violence].

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HOBBES, Thomas. Leviathan. London: Penguin Classics, 1982. [Introduced by CB Macpherson].

INGRAM, David. Group Rights: Reconciling Equality and Difference. KS: University Press of Kansas, 2000.

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA [ICTR]. Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu. Case No. ICTR-96-4-T. 2 sep. 1998.

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA [ICTY]. Prosecutor v. Dragoljub Kunarac (et al). IT-96-23-T & IT-96-23/1-T. Judgement. 22 feb. 2001.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [ICCPR]. 1966.

International Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 21 dec. 1965.

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JONES, Adam. Gendercide and genocide. Journal of Genocide Research, v. 2, i. 2, pp. 185-211, 2000.

KUO, Peggy. Prosecuting Crimes of Sexual Violence in an International Tribunal. JIL, v. 34, p. 305, 2002.

KUPER, Leo. Genocide. London: Penguin Books, 1981.

KYMLICKA, Will. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.

LEMKIN, Raphael. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Law of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944.

. Genocide as a Crime Under International Law. American Journal of International Law, v. 44, pp. 145-151, 1947.

LENTIN, Ronit (ed.). Gender and Catastrophe. London: Zed Books, 1997.

LERNER, Natan. The UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination. Boston: Kluwer Law International, 2003.

LOCKE, John. Two Treatises on Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967. [edited by Peter Laslett]

LYONS, Gene M.; MAYALL, James (ed). International Human Rights in the 21st Century: Protecting the Rights of Groups. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003.

MACKINNON, Catherine A. Defining Rape Internationally: A Comment on Akayesu. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, v. 44, pp. 940-958, 2006.

MARDORISSIAN, Carine. Toward a New Feminist Theory of Rape. Signs, v. 27, i. 3, pp. 743-786, 2002.

MEZNARIC, Silva. Gender as an Ethno-Marker: Rape, War, and Identity Politics in the Former Yugoslavia. In: MOGHADAM, Valentine M. (ed.). Identity Politics and Women: Cultural Reassertions and Feminisms in International Perspective. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994.

MCGLYNN, Clare. Rape as “Torture”? Catherine MacKinnon and Questions of Feminist Strategy. Feminist Legal Studies, v. 16, p. 71-85, 2008.

MUKAMAN, Donatilla; COLLINS, Anthony. Rape Survivors of the Rwandan Genocide. Critical Psychology, v. 17, pp. 140-164, 2006.

RATNER, Steven R.; ABRAMS, Jason S. Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy. 2 ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

RAWLS, John. A Theory of Justice, Revised Edition. UK: Belknap Press, 1999.

ROBERTS, Adam; GUELFF, Richard. Documents on the Laws of War. 3 ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

SCHABAS, William A. Genocide in International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

SCHULHOFER, Stephen J. Unwanted Sex: The Culture of Intimidation and the failure of Law. London: Harvard University Press, 1998.

SHARLACH, Lisa. Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda. New Political Science, v. 22, n. 1, pp. 89-102, 2000.

SHAW, Martin. What is Genocide? Cambridge: Polity, 2006.

SORENSON, Susan; White, Jacquelyn. Adult Sexual Assault: Overview of Research. Journal of Social Issues, v. 48, n. 1, pp. 1-8, 1992.

TAYLOR, Charles. Philosophical Arguments. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1995.

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UNITED NATIONS [UN]. Fifth Report on State Responsibility by Mr. G. Arangjio-Ruiz, Special Rapporteur’ Yearbook of the International Law Commission II (1). A/CN.4/453 and Add. 1-3.

. Charter of the United Nations. San Francisco, 26 june 1945.

. Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949.

. Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea. Geneva, 12 August 1949.

. Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.

. Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.

Which of the following examples would be best characterized as secularism?

Which of the following examples would be best characterized as secularism? A national government prohibits displays of religion in public buildings.

Which of the following examples would be best described as a megalopolis?

A megalopolis is an example of an urban settlement. It is typically a region which includes two or more adjacent cities. A megalopolis can have a total population of about ten million people. For example, Kolkata in India is the largest urban area to be considered a megalopolis.

Which two historical events changed the African cultural landscape most significantly?

Two historical events brought significant change to Africa's cultural landscape and history. The first was the spread of the Islamic Empire across North Africa beginning in the 7th century CE. The second was the start of the transatlantic slave trade in the 15th century CE.

Which of the following outcomes is most directly a result of the Berlin Conference of 1884?

The first was to recognize the territory that King Leopold claimed as his private property. The second was to recognize some existing territorial claims in different parts of Africa. The third, and most important, result of the conference was to set up a way for Europeans to claim and annex territory in Africa.