Marine stickleback populations live and breed strictly in the ocean. Sea-run stickleback fish are anadromous, meaning that they are born in fresh water, spend most of their lives in the ocean, and return to fresh water to breed. Freshwater stickleback fish live entirely in fresh water. What is the difference between marketing and Internet marketing? difference between traditional marketing and online marketing for place.
What is the difference between ocean and lake sticklebacks?
One difference is the amount of protective armor that covers their bodies: while oceanic sticklebacks have about 30 armor plates extending from head to tail, most freshwater sticklebacks have just a handful of plates that sit closer to the front of the body.
Why did you compare pelvic structures of stickleback populations from two different lakes?
In the virtual lab, why did you compare pelvic structures of stickleback populations from two different lakes? To have a larger number of specimens to score, increasing the accuracy of results. To compare the trait in stickleback populations living in two potentially different environments.
How is it proposed that freshwater stickleback fish evolved from marine populations?
The bodies of threespine stickleback fish in certain populations evolved as they adapted from living in the ocean to a life exclusively in freshwater environments. One adaptation was the loss of pelvic spines, which are homologous to the hind limbs of four-legged animals.
What is the same about many freshwater stickleback populations worldwide?
The researchers found that, over most of the genomes, freshwater sticklebacks were most similar to their nearest ocean-dwelling neighbours. But in about 150 DNA sequences, freshwater and saltwater populations were each more like their counterparts in the same environments across the globe.
What stickleback traits are better adapted to freshwater?
- improved gene flow.
- bottleneck effect.
- sexual selection.
- founder effect.
- natural selection.
What are the variations of stickleback fish?
Other stickleback species include the brook stickleback [Culaea inconstans], an inhabitant of North American fresh waters; the four-spined stickleback [Apeltes quadracus], a species found in marine and freshwater environments of North America; and the sea, or 15-spined, stickleback [Spinachia spinachia], a species …
What do the differences in the means of marine and freshwater benthic stickleback trials tell you about their respective schooling behavior?
Schooling is a social behavior of fish, in which they congregate in groups as they swim and synchronize their position, direction, and speed. … Observations of fish in the wild suggested that marine stickleback fish have a strong tendency to school, whereas freshwater benthic stickleback fish are less likely to do so.
Does the pelvic phenotype differ between Bear Paw Lake and Frog Lake fish explain?
Does the pelvic phenotype differ between Bear Paw Lake & Frog Lake fish? Explain. Bear Paw- mostly reduced pelvis. Frog Lake- all complete pelvis.
Why do researchers think that freshwater stickleback populations arose when ancestral ocean dwelling stickleback became trapped in freshwater lakes?
As more and more ice melted, the land that had been depressed by the weight of the massive ice sheets became elevated, and the connections between some of the lakes and the ocean were cut off. Researchers think that stickleback populations became trapped in these lakes and adapted to living exclusively in fresh water.
Why did Kingsley and his team cross marine and freshwater stickleback fish?
Why did Kingsley and his team cross marine and freshwater sticklebacks? To find the location of the gene[s] causing the difference between stickleback populations with and without spines. … It occurred in a similar DNA region in freshwater stickleback populations all over the world.
What did the stickleback evolve from?
2: In recent times, the threespine stickleback [Gasterosteus aculeatus] has undergone adaptive radiation, evolving from the typical marine ecotype [red] into freshwater ecotypes [blue] with a number of different shapes.
How did some ancestral sea run stickleback populations come to live exclusively in fresh water?
How did some ancestral sea-run stickleback populations come to live exclusively in fresh water? They became trapped in lakes that formed at the end of the last ice age. These populations swam to freshwater lakes to spawn and then never returned to the ocean because there were fewer predators in lakes.
What allows sticklebacks to survive in ponds?
The estuarine variety has developed the 20 -30 bony plates on the body flanks as an adaptation to the salt. This allows them freedom to swim up saltmarsh creeks at high tide, out into seawater and back to freshwater without the problem of water concentrations.
Do sticklebacks live in the sea?
Sticklebacks are endemic to the temperate zone and are most commonly found in the ocean, but some can be found in fresh water.
How do sticklebacks get into ponds?
The three-spined stickleback is a small fish found in ponds, lakes, ditches and rivers. … The male then defends the nest from other fish until the young hatch up to four weeks later. The three-spined stickleback is the fish that is most likely to be caught when pond-dipping.
How were the saltwater stickleback fish able to adapt to a freshwater environment so quickly?
Question: How were the saltwater stickleback fish able to adapt to a freshwater environment so quickly? Saltwater sticklebacks breed in freshwater and have genes that allow them to live in freshwater O Chemicals released by the earthquake caused a high mutation rate in the saltwater sticklebacks.
What caused the stickleback population to have less armor and become faster?
New research shows that when two species of stickleback fish evolved and lost their pelvises and body armor, the changes were caused by different genes in each species. That surprised researchers, who expected the same genes would control the same changes in both related fish.
Why are stickleback fish commonly used in studies of genetics evolution and population genetics?
This is a popular fish among evolutionary biologists because it has adapted to a variety of habitats. In addition to this, the shared ancestor of freshwater populations — sticklebacks that originally lived in the ocean — still exists today, which enables an examination of the initial genetic base.
How many species of stickleback are there?
Distribution: there are eight species of stickleback throughout the Northern Hemisphere.
What makes a stickleback fish a good model organism?
primary advantage of using threespine stickleback as a model organism is the ability to study how natural genetic variation, which is of a magnitude similar to that found in the human population [Fig. … Stickleback therefore present a great potential to reveal genes important for driving microbial …
How many sticklebacks are in a pond?
Sticklebacks should always be kept in small groups with a ratio of 2 males to 5 females due to how fast they multiply. Characteristics: Flexible but very aggressive during breeding season; Well suited for small ponds. Can be kept with other small fish [bitterling, minnow, roach] but only in very large ponds.
What is the difference between left biased and right biased pelvic asymmetry?
Asymmetrical pelvic vestiges tend to be larger on the left side [i.e., left biased] in populations studied previously. … However, samples from three populations have a significant right bias, and one large sample from another population has equal frequencies of specimens with larger vestiges on the left or right side.
Do marine sticklebacks have a stronger tendency to school than benthic sticklebacks?
Taken together, these data indicate that marine sticklebacks exhibit a stronger tendency to school than benthic sticklebacks. … Our data suggest that the difference in schooling tendency between marine and benthic sticklebacks is accompanied by differential preferences for social vs.
Is schooling inherited or learned?
This provided more evidence that schooling behavior is genetic-based and not learned, the researchers said. Both research teams identified only genetic regions, not the exact genes, controlling the schooling behavior. The teams remained split, however, on how these findings may relate to humans.
Is Bear Paw Lake freshwater?
The stickleback populations in Bear Paw Lake and Frog Lake are both freshwater populations; thus, they are more similar to one another in pelvic morphology than they are to marine and sea-run stickleback populations.
In which lake do you think the stickleback fish will retain their spines?
Over many generations, stickleback in Bear Paw Lake have lost their pelvic spines, while those in Frog Lake have retained full pelvises. Over many generations the pelvic structures in Bear Paw Lake stickleback have remained the same, and the stickleback in Frog Lake have gained their pelvic spines.
How do you spines protect ocean stickleback fish?
Oceanic stickleback are protected by a complete set of bony lateral plates along the sides and dorsal and pelvic spines on the top and bottom of the fish. These structures help the fish survive attacks by birds and other fish-eating predators.
What is the purpose of the spines of sticklebacks?
The many stickleback populations underwent disparate and parallel evolutionary changes, among them partial or complete loss of their pelvic spines. These spines are thought to protect the fish from being devoured by predators.
What is the ratio of fish with pelvic spines to fish without pelvic spines in the F1 generation?
What is the ratio of fish with pelvic spines to fish without pelvic spines in the F1 generation? If students scored the fish correctly, they should indicate that for the F1 generation the ratio is 1: 0.
Which statement below best describes what happened to the stickleback population in the ancient lake that is now the Truckee formation?
Which statement below best describes what happened to the stickleback population in the ancient lake that is now the Truckee Formation? The frequencies of reduced and complete pelvic phenotypes fluctuate from layer to layer, but overall, there is no trend in gain or loss of either trait in the population.
Why are the spines harmful to them in the freshwater lakes?
In lakes where there are no large predatory fish, there is no advantage to having pelvic spines. In freshwater, a marine stickleback sheds its spines. In lakes with dragonfly larvae, pelvic spines can be disadvantageous, allowing the predatory larvae to grab the fish.
What is mutated in Pitx1 in freshwater sticklebacks?
Mike Shapiro, PhD, a postdoctoral scholar and co-first author, found that a gene located at that region is the stickleback version of a gene in mice called Pitx1 that, when mutated, causes mice to have greatly reduced hind limbs. These mice often have asymmetric limb and pelvic reductions, much like the sticklebacks.
What is the same about many freshwater stickleback populations worldwide?
The researchers found that, over most of the genomes, freshwater sticklebacks were most similar to their nearest ocean-dwelling neighbours. But in about 150 DNA sequences, freshwater and saltwater populations were each more like their counterparts in the same environments across the globe.
How is it proposed that freshwater stickleback fish evolved from marine populations?
The bodies of threespine stickleback fish in certain populations evolved as they adapted from living in the ocean to a life exclusively in freshwater environments. One adaptation was the loss of pelvic spines, which are homologous to the hind limbs of four-legged animals.
How big do sticklebacks get?
Brook sticklebacks are minnow-sized fish. They usually do not grow much bigger than 60 mm [2.4 in]. The biggest ones reach about 80 mm [a little over 3 in]. The brook stickleback is like many of the smaller species in Minnesota in that it lives for only 1 to 2 years, occasionally for 3 years.
What are the variations of stickleback fish?
Other stickleback species include the brook stickleback [Culaea inconstans], an inhabitant of North American fresh waters; the four-spined stickleback [Apeltes quadracus], a species found in marine and freshwater environments of North America; and the sea, or 15-spined, stickleback [Spinachia spinachia], a species …
What do the differences in the means of marine and freshwater benthic stickleback trials tell you about their respective schooling behavior?
Schooling is a social behavior of fish, in which they congregate in groups as they swim and synchronize their position, direction, and speed. … Observations of fish in the wild suggested that marine stickleback fish have a strong tendency to school, whereas freshwater benthic stickleback fish are less likely to do so.
Why do researchers think that freshwater stickleback populations arose when ancestral ocean dwelling stickleback became trapped in freshwater lakes?
As more and more ice melted, the land that had been depressed by the weight of the massive ice sheets became elevated, and the connections between some of the lakes and the ocean were cut off. Researchers think that stickleback populations became trapped in these lakes and adapted to living exclusively in fresh water.
Can I put sticklebacks in my pond?
If you fancy introducing fish, sticklebacks are a good choice for small ponds with their fascinating behaviour, but can effect insect and amphibian populations. … Grass carp have an ‘all you can eat’ approach when it comes to planted ponds; they will happily eat any aquatic vegetation.
Do sticklebacks eat frog spawn?
The usual advice is that, especially in small garden ponds, frogs and fish do not go well together … the fish eat the spawn and tadpoles [ and the frogs attempt to be amorous with larger fish].