Utopia concepts

Mores Utopia

The word first occurred in Sir Thomas Mores Utopia, published in Latin as Libellusde optimo reipublicae statu, deque nova insula Utopia [1516; Concerning the highest state of the republic and the new island Utopia]; it was compounded by More from the Greek words for not [ou] and place [topos] and thus meant nowhere. During his embassy to Flanders in 1515, More wrote Book II of Utopia, describing a pagan and communist city-state in which the institutions and policies were entirely governed by reason. The order and dignity of such a state was intended to provide a notable contrast with the unreasonable polity of Christian Europe, divided by self-interest and greed for power and riches, which More then described in Book I, written in England in 1516. The description of Utopia is put in the mouth of a mysterious traveler, Raphael Hythloday, in support of his argument that communism is the only cure against egoism in private and public life. More, in the dialogue, speaks in favour of mitigation of evil rather than cure, human nature being fallible. The reader is thus left guessing as to which parts of the brilliant jeu desprit are seriously intended and which are mere paradox.

Speculative and practical utopias

Written utopias may be speculative, practical, or satirical. Utopias are far older than their name. Platos Republic was the model of many, from More to H.G. Wells. A utopian island occurs in the Hiera anagraphe [Sacred Inscription] of Euhemerus [flourished c. 300 bce], and Plutarch [46after 119 ce], in his life of Lycurgus, describes a utopian Sparta. The legend of Atlantis inspired many utopian myths, but explorations in the 15th century permitted more realistic settings, and More himself associated Utopia with Amerigo Vespucci. Other utopias that were similar to Mores in humanist themes were the I mondi [1552] of Antonio Francesco Doni and La città felice [1553] of Francesco Patrizi. An early practical utopia was the comprehensive La città del sole [c. 1602; The City of the Sun] of Tommaso Campanella. Francis Bacons New Atlantis [1627] was practical in its scientific program but speculative concerning philosophy and religion. Christian utopian commonwealths were described in Antangil [1616] by I.D.M., Christianopolis [1619] by Johann Valentin Andreae, and Novae Solymae libri sex [1648] by Samuel Gott. Puritanism produced many literary utopias, both religious and secular, notably The Law of Freedom [1652], in which Gerrard Winstanley advocated the principles of the Diggers. The Common-Wealth of Oceana [1656] by James Harrington argued for the distribution of land as the condition of popular independence.

In France such works as Gabriel de Foignys Terre australe connue [1676] preached liberty. François Fénelons Télémaque [1699] contained utopian episodes extolling the simple life. LAn 2440 by Louis-Sébastien Mercier [1770; Eng. trans., 1772] anticipated Revolutionary doctrines. G.A. Elliss New Britain [1820] and Étienne Cabets Voyage en Icarie [1840] were related to experimental communities in the United States that revealed the limitations of purely economic planning. Consequently, Bulwer-Lytton, in The Coming Race [1871], invented an essence that eliminated economics altogether, and William Morris demonstrated his contempt for economics in News from Nowhere [1890]. Two influential utopias, however, had an economic basis: Looking Backward, 20001887 [1888] by Edward Bellamy and Freiland [1890; A Visit to Freeland] by Theodor Herzka. H.G. Wells, in A Modern Utopia [1905], returned to speculation.