Bài tập conjunction because of inspite of despite violet

Taylor, Thomas E.; L'Ecuyer, Tristan; Slusser, James; Stephens, Graeme; Krotkov, Nick; Davis, John; Goering, Christian

2005-08-01

Extensive sensitivity and error characteristics of a recently developed optimal estimation retrieval algorithm which simultaneously determines aerosol optical depth [AOD], aerosol single scatter albedo [SSA] and total ozone column [TOC] from ultra-violet irradiances are described. The algorithm inverts measured diffuse and direct irradiances at 7 channels in the UV spectral range obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture's [USDA] UV-B Monitoring and Research Program's [UVMRP] network of 33 ground-based UV-MFRSR instruments to produce aerosol optical properties and TOC at all seven wavelengths. Sensitivity studies of the Tropospheric Ultra-violet/Visible [TUV] radiative transfer model performed for various operating modes [Delta-Eddington versus n-stream Discrete Ordinate] over domains of AOD, SSA, TOC, asymmetry parameter and surface albedo show that the solutions are well constrained. Realistic input error budgets and diagnostic and error outputs from the retrieval are analyzed to demonstrate the atmospheric conditions under which the retrieval provides useful and significant results. After optimizing the algorithm for the USDA site in Panther Junction, Texas the retrieval algorithm was run on a cloud screened set of irradiance measurements for the month of May 2003. Comparisons to independently derived AOD's are favorable with root mean square [RMS] differences of about 3% to 7% at 300nm and less than 1% at 368nm, on May 12 and 22, 2003. This retrieval method will be used to build an aerosol climatology and provide ground-truthing of satellite measurements by running it operationally on the USDA UV network database.

• Microgap ultra-violet detector DOEpatents Wuest, Craig R.; Bionta, Richard M. 1994-01-01 A microgap ultra-violet detector of photons with wavelengths less than 400 run [4000 Angstroms] which comprises an anode and a cathode separated by a gas-filled gap and having an electric field placed across the gap. Either the anode or the cathode is semi-transparent to UV light. Upon a UV photon striking the cathode an electron is expelled and accelerated across the gap by the electric field causing interactions with other electrons to create an electron avalanche which contacts the anode. The electron avalanche is detected and converted to an output pulse.
• Microgap ultra-violet detector DOEpatents Wuest, C.R.; Bionta, R.M. 1994-09-20 A microgap ultra-violet detector of photons with wavelengths less than 400 run [4,000 Angstroms] which comprises an anode and a cathode separated by a gas-filled gap and having an electric field placed across the gap is disclosed. Either the anode or the cathode is semi-transparent to UV light. Upon a UV photon striking the cathode an electron is expelled and accelerated across the gap by the electric field causing interactions with other electrons to create an electron avalanche which contacts the anode. The electron avalanche is detected and converted to an output pulse. 2 figs.
• Ultra-fast switching of light by absorption saturation in vacuum ultra-violet region. PubMed Yoneda, Hitoki; Inubushi, Yuichi; Tanaka, Toshihiro; Yamaguchi, Yuta; Sato, Fumiya; Morimoto, Shunsuke; Kumagai, Taisuke; Nagasono, Mitsuru; Higashiya, Atsushi; Yabashi, Makina; Ishikawa, Tetsuya; Ohashi, Haruhiko; Kimura, Hiroaki; Kitamura, Hikaru; Kodama, Ryosuke 2009-12-21 Advances in free electron lasers producing high energy photons [Nat. Photonics 2[9], 555-559 [2008]] are expected to open up a new science of nonlinear optics of high energy photons. Specifically, lasers of photon energy higher than the plasma frequency of a metal can show new interaction features because they can penetrate deeply into metals without strong reflection. Here we show the observation of ultra-fast switching of vacuum ultra-violet [VUV] light caused by saturable absorption of a solid metal target. A strong gating is observed at energy fluences above 6J/cm2 at wavelength of 51 nm with tin metal thin layers. The ratio of the transmission at high intensity to low intensity is typically greater than 100:1. This means we can design new nonlinear photonic devices such as auto-correlator and pulse slicer for the VUV region.
• Extreme ultra-violet movie camera for imaging microsecond time scale magnetic reconnection DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Chai, Kil-Byoung; Bellan, Paul M. 2013-12-15 An ultra-fast extreme ultra-violet [EUV] movie camera has been developed for imaging magnetic reconnection in the Caltech spheromak/astrophysical jet experiment. The camera consists of a broadband Mo:Si multilayer mirror, a fast decaying YAG:Ce scintillator, a visible light block, and a high-speed visible light CCD camera. The camera can capture EUV images as fast as 3.3 × 10{sup 6} frames per second with 0.5 cm spatial resolution. The spectral range is from 20 eV to 60 eV. EUV images reveal strong, transient, highly localized bursts of EUV radiation when magnetic reconnection occurs.
• Cumulus cloud venting of mixed layer ozone NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Ching, J. K. S.; Shipley, S. T.; Browell, E. V.; Brewer, D. A. 1985-01-01 Observations are presented which substantiate the hypothesis that significant vertical exchange of ozone and aerosols occurs between the mixed layer and the free troposphere during cumulus cloud convective activity. The experiments utilized the airborne Ultra-Violet Differential Absorption Lidar [UV-DIAL] system. This system provides simultaneous range resolved ozone concentration and aerosol backscatter profiles with high spatial resolution. Evening transects were obtained in the downwind area where the air mass had been advected. Space-height analyses for the evening flight show the cloud debris as patterns of ozone typically in excess of the ambient free tropospheric background. This ozone excess was approximately the value of the concentration difference between the mixed layer and free troposphere determined from independent vertical soundings made by another aircraft in the afternoon.
• Ultra-violet radiation is responsible for the differences in global epidemiology of chickenpox and the evolution of varicella-zoster virus as man migrated out of Africa. PubMed Rice, Philip S 2011-04-23 Of the eight human herpes viruses, varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox and zoster, has a unique epidemiology. Primary infection is much less common in children in the tropics compared with temperate areas. This results in increased adult susceptibility causing outbreaks, for example in health-care workers migrating from tropical to temperate countries. The recent demonstration that there are different genotypes of varicella-zoster virus and their geographic segregation into tropical and temperate areas suggests a distinct, yet previously unconsidered climatic factor may be responsible for both the clinical and molecular epidemiological features of this virus infection. Unlike other human herpes viruses, varicella-zoster virus does not require intimate contact for infection to occur indicating that transmission may be interrupted by a geographically restricted climatic factor. The factor with the largest difference between tropical and temperate zones is ultra-violet radiation. This could reduce the infectiousness of chickenpox cases by inactivating virus in vesicles, before or after rupture. This would explain decreased transmissibility in the tropics and why the peak chickenpox incidence in temperate zones occurs during winter and spring, when ultra-violet radiation is at its lowest. The evolution of geographically restricted genotypes is also explained by ultra-violet radiation driving natural selection of different virus genotypes with varying degrees of resistance to inactivation, tropical genotypes being the most resistant. Consequently, temperate viruses should be more sensitive to its effects. This is supported by the observation that temperate genotypes are found in the tropics only in specific circumstances, namely where ultra-violet radiation has either been excluded or significantly reduced in intensity. The hypothesis is testable by exposing different virus genotypes to ultra-violet radiation and quantifying virus survival by plaque forming
• Ultra-violet radiation is responsible for the differences in global epidemiology of chickenpox and the evolution of varicella-zoster virus as man migrated out of Africa PubMed Central 2011-01-01 Background Of the eight human herpes viruses, varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox and zoster, has a unique epidemiology. Primary infection is much less common in children in the tropics compared with temperate areas. This results in increased adult susceptibility causing outbreaks, for example in health-care workers migrating from tropical to temperate countries. The recent demonstration that there are different genotypes of varicella-zoster virus and their geographic segregation into tropical and temperate areas suggests a distinct, yet previously unconsidered climatic factor may be responsible for both the clinical and molecular epidemiological features of this virus infection. Presentation of the hypothesis Unlike other human herpes viruses, varicella-zoster virus does not require intimate contact for infection to occur indicating that transmission may be interrupted by a geographically restricted climatic factor. The factor with the largest difference between tropical and temperate zones is ultra-violet radiation. This could reduce the infectiousness of chickenpox cases by inactivating virus in vesicles, before or after rupture. This would explain decreased transmissibility in the tropics and why the peak chickenpox incidence in temperate zones occurs during winter and spring, when ultra-violet radiation is at its lowest. The evolution of geographically restricted genotypes is also explained by ultra-violet radiation driving natural selection of different virus genotypes with varying degrees of resistance to inactivation, tropical genotypes being the most resistant. Consequently, temperate viruses should be more sensitive to its effects. This is supported by the observation that temperate genotypes are found in the tropics only in specific circumstances, namely where ultra-violet radiation has either been excluded or significantly reduced in intensity. Testing the Hypothesis The hypothesis is testable by exposing different virus genotypes to ultra-violet
• The creation of radiation dominated plasmas using laboratory extreme ultra-violet lasers NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Tallents, G. J.; Wilson, S.; West, A.; Aslanyan, V.; Lolley, J.; Rossall, A. K. 2017-06-01 Ionization in experiments where solid targets are irradiated by high irradiance extreme ultra-violet [EUV] lasers is examined. Free electron degeneracy effects on ionization in the presence of a high EUV flux of radiation is shown to be important. Overlap of the physics of such plasmas with plasma material under compression in indirect inertial fusion is explored. The design of the focusing optics needed to achieve high irradiance [up to 1014 Wcm-2] using an EUV capillary laser is presented.
• The Far Ultra-Violet Imager on the Icon Mission NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Mende, S. B.; Frey, H. U.; Rider, K.; Chou, C.; Harris, S. E.; Siegmund, O. H. W.; England, S. L.; Wilkins, C.; Craig, W.; Immel, T. J.; Turin, P.; Darling, N.; Loicq, J.; Blain, P.; Syrstad, E.; Thompson, B.; Burt, R.; Champagne, J.; Sevilla, P.; Ellis, S. 2017-10-01 ICON Far UltraViolet [FUV] imager contributes to the ICON science objectives by providing remote sensing measurements of the daytime and nighttime atmosphere/ionosphere. During sunlit atmospheric conditions, ICON FUV images the limb altitude profile in the shortwave [SW] band at 135.6 nm and the longwave [LW] band at 157 nm perpendicular to the satellite motion to retrieve the atmospheric O/N2 ratio. In conditions of atmospheric darkness, ICON FUV measures the 135.6 nm recombination emission of O+ ions used to compute the nighttime ionospheric altitude distribution. ICON Far UltraViolet [FUV] imager is a Czerny-Turner design Spectrographic Imager with two exit slits and corresponding back imager cameras that produce two independent images in separate wavelength bands on two detectors. All observations will be processed as limb altitude profiles. In addition, the ionospheric 135.6 nm data will be processed as longitude and latitude spatial maps to obtain images of ion distributions around regions of equatorial spread F. The ICON FUV optic axis is pointed 20 degrees below local horizontal and has a steering mirror that allows the field of view to be steered up to 30 degrees forward and aft, to keep the local magnetic meridian in the field of view. The detectors are micro channel plate [MCP] intensified FUV tubes with the phosphor fiber-optically coupled to Charge Coupled Devices [CCDs]. The dual stack MCP-s amplify the photoelectron signals to overcome the CCD noise and the rapidly scanned frames are co-added to digitally create 12-second integrated images. Digital on-board signal processing is used to compensate for geometric distortion and satellite motion and to achieve data compression. The instrument was originally aligned in visible light by using a special grating and visible cameras. Final alignment, functional and environmental testing and calibration were performed in a large vacuum chamber with a UV source. The test and calibration program showed that ICON
• Bias Selectable Dual Band AlGaN Ultra-violet Detectors NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Yan, Feng; Miko, Laddawan; Franz, David; Guan, Bing; Stahle, Carl M. 2007-01-01 Bias selectable dual band AlGaN ultra-violet [UV] detectors, which can separate UV-A and UV-B using one detector in the same pixel by bias switching, have been designed, fabricated and characterized. A two-terminal n-p-n photo-transistor-like structure was used. When a forward bias is applied between the top electrode and the bottom electrode, the detectors can successfully detect W-A and reject UV-B. Under reverse bias, they can detect UV-B and reject UV-A. The proof of concept design shows that it is feasible to fabricate high performance dual-band UV detectors based on the current AlGaN material growth and fabrication technologies.
• Ozone as a laundry agent on orbit and on the ground NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Agosto, William N. 1994-01-01 Ozone [03], is the strongest commercial oxidizing agent for aqueous systems and may be ideal for space station laundering operations. It can be generated electronically from air in situ. It kills virtually all microorganisms, attacks many organics and inorganics, and breaks down stable ring structures of benzene and related oils when coupled with ultra violet radiation. It cleans and disinfects in cold water without the need for detergent. It leaves no residues. Ozone permits up to 90% wash water recycling and it eliminates wash time, water volume, and recycling problems of a detergent rinse. Ozone is self purging and converts spontaneously to oxygen. It can be rapidly purged by well established catalytic and thermal processes. Scaling of an ozone laundering system for space station may have commercial applications in a consumer model for home use.
• Comparison and covalidation of ozone anomalies and variability observed in SBUV[/2] and Umkehr northern midlatitude ozone profile estimates NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Petropavlovskikh, I.; Ahn, Changwoo; Bhartia, P. K.; Flynn, L. E. 2005-03-01 This analysis presents comparisons of upper-stratosphere ozone information observed by two independent systems: the Solar Backscatter UltraViolet [SBUV and SBUV/2] satellite instruments, and ground-based Dobson spectrophotometers. Both the new SBUV Version 8 and the new UMK04 profile retrieval algorithms are optimized for studying long-term variability and trends in ozone. Trend analyses of the ozone time series from the SBUV[/2] data set are complex because of the multiple instruments involved, changes in the instruments' geo-location, and short periods of overlaps for inter-calibrations among different instruments. Three northern middle latitudes Dobson ground stations [Arosa, Boulder, and Tateno] are used in this analysis to validate the trend quality of the combined 25-year SBUV/2 time series, 1979 to 2003. Generally, differences between the satellite and ground-based data do not suggest any significant time-dependent shifts or trends. The shared features confirm the value of these data sets for studies of ozone variability.
• Oxidation preventative capping layer for deep-ultra-violet and soft x-ray multilayers DOEpatents Prisbrey, Shon T. 2004-07-06 The invention uses iridium and iridium compounds as a protective capping layer on multilayers having reflectivity in the deep ultra-violet to soft x-ray regime. The iridium compounds can be formed in one of two ways: by direct deposition of the iridium compound from a prepared target or by depositing a thin layer [e.g., 5-50 angstroms] of iridium directly onto an element. The deposition energy of the incoming iridium is sufficient to activate the formation of the desired iridium compound. The compounds of most interest are iridium silicide [IrSi.sub.x] and iridium molybdenide [IrMo.sub.x].

1. Cavity-enhanced frequency doubling from 795nm to 397.5nm ultra-violet coherent radiation with PPKTP crystals in the low pump power regime. PubMed Wen, Xin; Han, Yashuai; Bai, Jiandong; He, Jun; Wang, Yanhua; Yang, Baodong; Wang, Junmin 2014-12-29 We demonstrate a simple, compact and cost-efficient diode laser pumped frequency doubling system at 795 nm in the low power regime. In two configurations, a bow-tie four-mirror ring enhancement cavity with a PPKTP crystal inside and a semi-monolithic PPKTP enhancement cavity, we obtain 397.5nm ultra-violet coherent radiation of 35mW and 47mW respectively with a mode-matched fundamental power of about 110mW, corresponding to a conversion efficiency of 32% and 41%. The low loss semi-monolithic cavity leads to the better results. The constructed ultra-violet coherent radiation has good power stability and beam quality, and the system has huge potential in quantum optics and cold atom physics.
2. Ozone-UV-catalysis based advanced oxidation process for wastewater treatment. PubMed Tichonovas, Martynas; Krugly, Edvinas; Jankunaite, Dalia; Racys, Viktoras; Martuzevicius, Dainius 2017-07-01 A bench-scale advanced oxidation [AO] reactor was investigated for the degradation of six pollutants [2-naphthol, phenol, oxalic acid, phthalate, methylene blue, and D-glucose] in a model wastewater at with the aim to test opportunities for the further upscale to industrial applications. Six experimental conditions were designed to completely examine the experimental reactor, including photolysis, photocatalysis, ozonation, photolytic ozonation, catalytic ozonation, and photocatalytic ozonation. The stationary catalyst construction was made from commercially available TiO 2 nanopowder by mounting it on a glass support and subsequently characterized for morphology [X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy] as well as durability. The ozone was generated in a dielectrical barrier discharge reactor using air as a source of oxygen. The degradation efficiency was estimated by the decrease in total organic carbon [TOC] concentration as well as toxicity using Daphnia magna, and degradation by-products by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The photocatalytic ozonation was the most effective for the treatment of all model wastewater. The photocatalytic ozonation was most effective against ozonation and photolytic ozonation at tested pH values. A complete toxicity loss was obtained after the treatment using photocatalytic ozonation. The possible degradation pathway of the phthalate by oxidation was suggested based on aromatic ring opening reactions. The catalyst used at this experiment confirmed as a durable for continuous use with almost no loss of activity over time. The design of the reactor was found to be very effective for water treatment using photocatalytic ozonation. Such design has a high potential and can be further upscaled to industrial applications due to the simplicity and versatility of manufacturing and maintenance.
3. The effect of ultra-violet light curing on the molecular structure and fracture properties of an ultra low-k material NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Smith, Ryan Scott As the gate density increases in microelectronic devices, the interconnect delay or RC response also increases and has become the limiting delay to faster devices. In order to decrease the RC time delay, a new metallization scheme has been chosen by the semiconductor industry. Copper has replaced aluminum as the metal lines and new low-k dielectric materials are being developed to replace silicon dioxide. A promising low-k material is porous organosilicate glass or p-OSG. The p-OSG film is a hybrid material where the silicon dioxide backbone is terminated with methyl or hydrogen, reducing the dielectric constant and creating mechanically weak films that are prone to fracture. A few methods of improving the mechanical properties of p-OSG films have been attempted-- exposing the film to hydrogen plasma, electron beam curing, and ultra-violet light curing. Hydrogen plasma and electron-beam curing suffer from a lack of specificity and can cause charging damage to the gates. Therefore, ultra-violet light curing [UV curing] is preferable. The effect of UV curing on an ultra-low-k, k~2.5, p-OSG film is studied in this dissertation. Changes in the molecular structure were measured with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The evolution of the molecular structure with UV curing was correlated with material and fracture properties. The material properties were film shrinkage, densification, and an increase in dielectric constant. From the changes in molecular structure and material properties, a set of condensation reactions with UV light are predicted. The connectivity of the film increases with the condensation reactions and, therefore, the fracture toughness should also increase. The effect of UV curing on the critical and sub-critical fracture toughness was also studied. The critical fracture toughness was measured at four different mode-mixes-- zero, 15°, 32°, and 42°. It was found that the critical fracture toughness
4. Detection of biological warfare agents using ultra violet-laser induced fluorescence LIDAR NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Joshi, Deepti; Kumar, Deepak; Maini, Anil K.; Sharma, Ramesh C. This review has been written to highlight the threat of biological warfare agents, their types and detection. Bacterial biological agent Bacillus anthracis [bacteria causing the disease anthrax] which is most likely to be employed in biological warfare is being discussed in detail. Standoff detection of biological warfare agents in aerosol form using Ultra violet-Laser Induced Fluorescence [UV-LIF] spectroscopy method has been studied. Range-resolved detection and identification of biological aerosols by both nano-second and non-linear femto-second LIDAR is also discussed. Calculated received fluorescence signal for a cloud of typical biological agent Bacillus globigii [Simulants of B. anthracis] at a location of ˜5.0 km at different concentrations in presence of solar background radiation has been described. Overview of current research efforts in internationally available working UV-LIF LIDAR systems are also mentioned briefly.
5. Effect of pulsed corona discharge voltage and feed gas flow rate on dissolved ozone concentration DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Prasetyaningrum, A., E-mail: ajiprasetyaningrum@gmail.com; Ratnawati,; Jos, B. Ozonization is one of the methods extensively used for water purification and degradation of organic materials. Ozone [O{sub 3}] is recognized as a powerful oxidizing agent. Due to its strong oxidability and better environmental friendless, ozone increasing being used in domestic and industrial applications. Current technology in ozone production utilizes several techniques [corona discharge, ultra violet radiation and electrolysis]. This experiment aimed to evaluating effect of voltage and gas flow rate on ozone production with corona discharge. The system consists of two net-type stainless steel electrode placed in a dielectric barrier. Three pulsed voltage [20, 30, 40 KV] and flowmore » rate [5, 10, 15 L/min] were prepare for operation variable at high frequency [3.7 kHz] with AC pulsed power supply. The dissolved ozone concentration depends on the applied high-voltage level, gas flow rate and the discharge exposure duration. The ozone concentration increases with decreasing gas flow rate. Dissolved ozone concentrations greater than 200 ppm can be obtained with a minimum voltage 40 kV.« less
6. Effect of pulsed corona discharge voltage and feed gas flow rate on dissolved ozone concentration NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Prasetyaningrum, A.; Ratnawati, Jos, B. 2015-12-01 Ozonization is one of the methods extensively used for water purification and degradation of organic materials. Ozone [O3] is recognized as a powerful oxidizing agent. Due to its strong oxidability and better environmental friendless, ozone increasing being used in domestic and industrial applications. Current technology in ozone production utilizes several techniques [corona discharge, ultra violet radiation and electrolysis]. This experiment aimed to evaluating effect of voltage and gas flow rate on ozone production with corona discharge. The system consists of two net-type stainless steel electrode placed in a dielectric barrier. Three pulsed voltage [20, 30, 40 KV] and flow rate [5, 10, 15 L/min] were prepare for operation variable at high frequency [3.7 kHz] with AC pulsed power supply. The dissolved ozone concentration depends on the applied high-voltage level, gas flow rate and the discharge exposure duration. The ozone concentration increases with decreasing gas flow rate. Dissolved ozone concentrations greater than 200 ppm can be obtained with a minimum voltage 40 kV.
7. Detection of biological warfare agents using ultra violet-laser induced fluorescence LIDAR. PubMed Joshi, Deepti; Kumar, Deepak; Maini, Anil K; Sharma, Ramesh C 2013-08-01 This review has been written to highlight the threat of biological warfare agents, their types and detection. Bacterial biological agent Bacillus anthracis [bacteria causing the disease anthrax] which is most likely to be employed in biological warfare is being discussed in detail. Standoff detection of biological warfare agents in aerosol form using Ultra violet-Laser Induced Fluorescence [UV-LIF] spectroscopy method has been studied. Range-resolved detection and identification of biological aerosols by both nano-second and non-linear femto-second LIDAR is also discussed. Calculated received fluorescence signal for a cloud of typical biological agent Bacillus globigii [Simulants of B. anthracis] at a location of ~5.0 km at different concentrations in presence of solar background radiation has been described. Overview of current research efforts in internationally available working UV-LIF LIDAR systems are also mentioned briefly. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
8. Changes in fluorescence spectra of bioaerosols exposed to ozone in a laboratory reaction chamber to simulate atmospheric aging. PubMed Santarpia, Joshua L; Pan, Yong-Le; Hill, Steven C; Baker, Neal; Cottrell, Brian; McKee, Laura; Ratnesar-Shumate, Shanna; Pinnick, Ronald G 2012-12-31 A laboratory system for exposing aerosol particles to ozone and rapidly measuring the subsequent changes in their single-particle fluorescence is reported. The system consists of a rotating drum chamber and a single-particle fluorescence spectrometer [SPFS] utilizing excitation at 263 nm. Measurements made with this system show preliminary results on the ultra-violet laser-induced-fluorescence [UV-LIF] spectra of single aerosolized particles of Yersinia rohdei, and of MS2 [bacteriophage] exposed to ozone. When bioparticles are exposed in the chamber the fluorescence emission peak around 330 nm: i] decreases in intensity relative to that of the 400-550 nm band; and ii] shifts slightly toward shorter-wavelengths [consistent with further drying of the particles]. In these experiments, changes were observed at exposures below the US Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] limits for ozone.
9. Treatment of soft drink process wastewater by ozonation, ozonation-H₂O₂ and ozonation-coagulation processes. PubMed García-Morales, M A; Roa-Morales, G; Barrera-Díaz, C; Balderas-Hernández, P 2012-01-01 In this research, we studied the treatment of wastewater from the soft drink process using oxidation with ozone. A scheme composed of sequential ozonation-peroxide, ozonation-coagulation and coagulation-ozonation treatments to reduce the organic matter from the soft drink process was also used. The samples were taken from the conventional activated sludge treatment of the soft drink process, and the experiments using chemical oxidation with ozone were performed in a laboratory using a reactor through a porous plate glass diffuser with air as a feedstock for the generation of ozone. Once the sample was ozonated, the treatments were evaluated by considering the contact time, leading to greater efficiency in removing colour, turbidity and chemical oxygen demand [COD]. The effect of ozonation and coagulant coupled with treatment efficiency was assessed under optimal conditions, and substantial colour and turbidity removal were found [90.52% and 93.33%, respectively]. This was accompanied by a 16.78% reduction in COD [initial COD was 3410 mg/L]. The absorbance spectra of the oxidised products were compared using UV-VIS spectroscopy to indicate the level of oxidation of the wastewater. We also determined the kinetics of decolouration and the removal of turbidity with the best treatment. The same treatment was applied to the sample taken from the final effluent of the activated sludge system, and a COD removal efficiency of 100% during the first minute of the reaction with ozone was achieved. As a general conclusion, we believe that the coagulant polyaluminum chloride - ozone [PAC- ozone] treatment of wastewater from the manufacturing of soft drinks is the most efficient for removing turbidity and colour and represents an advantageous option to remove these contaminants because their removal was performed in minutes compared to the duration of traditional physical, chemical and biological processes that require hours or days.
10. Mask fabrication and its applications to extreme ultra-violet diffractive optics NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Cheng, Yang-Chun Short-wavelength radiation around 13nm of wavelength [Extreme Ultra-Violet, EUV] is being considered for patterning microcircuits, and other electronic chips with dimensions in the nanometer range. Interferometric Lithography [IL] uses two beams of radiation to form high-resolution interference fringes, as small as half the wavelength of the radiation used. As a preliminary step toward manufacturing technology, IL can be used to study the imaging properties of materials in a wide spectral range and at nanoscale dimensions. A simple implementation of IL uses two transmission diffraction gratings to form the interference pattern. More complex interference patterns can be created by using different types of transmission gratings. In this thesis, I describe the development of a EUV lithography system that uses diffractive optical elements [DOEs], from simple gratings to holographic structures. The exposure system is setup on a EUV undulator beamline at the Synchrotron Radiation Center, in the Center for NanoTechnology clean room. The setup of the EUV exposure system is relatively simple, while the design and fabrication of the DOE "mask" is complex, and relies on advanced nanofabrication techniques. The EUV interferometric lithography provides reliable EUV exposures of line/space patterns and is ideal for the development of EUV resist technology. In this thesis I explore the fabrication of these DOE for the EUV range, and discuss the processes I have developed for the fabrication of ultra-thin membranes. In addition, I discuss EUV holographic lithography and generalized Talbot imaging techniques to extend the capability of our EUV-IL system to pattern arbitrary shapes, using more coherent sources than the undulator. In a series of experiments, we have demonstrated the use of a soft X-ray [EUV] laser as effective source for EUV lithography. EUV-IL, as implemented at CNTech, is being used by several companies and research organizations to characterize photoresist
11. Study on an integrated process combining ozonation with ceramic ultra-filtration for decentralized supply of drinking water. PubMed Zhu, Jia; Fan, Xiao J; Tao, Yi; Wei, De Q; Zhang, Xi H 2014-09-19 An integrated process was specifically developed for the decentralized supply of drinking water from micro-polluted surface water in the rural areas of China. The treatment process combined ozonation with ceramic ultra-filtration [UF], coagulation for pre-treatment and granular activated carbon filtration. A flat-sheet ceramic membrane was used with a cut-off of 60 nm and the measurement of 254 mm [length] × 240 mm [width] × 6 mm [thickness]. Ozonation and ceramic UF was set up whthin one reactor. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiencies of the dissolved organic carbon [DOC] and the formation potential of trihalomethanes [THMs], haloacetic acids [HAAs] and ammonia were 80%, 76%, 70% and 90%, respectively; that the turbidity of the product water was below 0.2 NTU and the particle count number [particles larger than 2 μm] was less than 50 counts per mL. The result also showed that all the pathogenic microorganisms were retained by the ceramic and that UF. Ozonation played a critical role in the control of membrane fouling and the removal of contaminants. Exactly, the membrane fouling can be controlled in situ with 3 mg L[-1] ozone at the permeate flux of 80 L m[-2] h[-1], yet the required dosage of ozone was dependent on the quality of the raw water. Therefore, this study is able to provide a highly compacted system for decentralized supply of high-quality drinking water in terms of both chemical and microbiological safety for the rural areas in China.
12. Estimating the Tropospheric Ozone Distribution by the Assimilation of Satellite Data NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Hayashi, Hiroo; Stajner, Ivanka; Winslow, Nathan; Jones, Dylan B. A.; Pawson, Steven; Thompson, Anne M. 2003-01-01 Tropospheric ozone is important to the environment, because it acts as a strong oxidant to control the concentrations of many reduced gases [methane, carbon monoxide, ... ], its radiative forcing plays a significant role in the greenhouse effect, and direct contact with ozone is harmful to human health. Tropospheric ozone, whose main sources are intrusion from the stratosphere and chemical production from source gases associated with urban pollution or biomass burning, varies on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Its transport and chemistry can be influenced by weather, seasonal, or multiannual variability. Despite the importance of tropospheric ozone, it contributes only about 10% of the total ozone loading in the atmosphere. Consequently, satellite instruments lose sensitivity below the stratospheric ozone peak, and provide little information about middle and lower tropospheric ozone. This talk will discuss recent modifications made to the satellite ozone data assimilation system at NASA's Data Assimilation Office [DAO] in order to provide better tropospheric ozone columns and profiles. We use a version of the system that assimilates only the data from the Solar Backscatter UltraViolet/2 [SBUV/2] instrument. The quality of the assimilated ozone in the tropical troposphere is evaluated by comparison with independent observations obtained from the Southern Hemispheric Additional Ozonesondes [SHADOZ] network. It is shown that the quality of ozone fields is sensitive to the winds used in the transport model. Increasing the vertical resolution of the model also has a beneficial impact. The assimilated ozone in the lower troposphere was substantially improved by inclusion of tropospheric ozone production, loss, and dry deposition rates from the Harvard GEOS-CHEM model. The mechanisms behind these results will be examined and the implications for our understanding of tropospheric ozone will be discussed.
13. Activation of KGFR-Akt-mTOR-Nrf2 signaling protects human retinal pigment epithelium cells from Ultra-violet. PubMed Hu, Haitao; Hao, Lanxiang; Tang, Chunzhou; Zhu, Yunxi; Jiang, Qin; Yao, Jin 2018-01-15 Ultra-violet [UV] radiation causes oxidative injuries to human retinal pigment epithelium [RPE] cells. We tested the potential effect of keratinocyte growth factor [KGF] against the process. KGF receptor [KGFR] is expressed in ARPE-19 cells and primary human RPE cells. Pre-treatment with KGF inhibited UV-induced reactive oxygen species [ROS] production and RPE cell death. KGF activated nuclear-factor-E2-related factor 2 [Nrf2] signaling in RPE cells, causing Nrf2 Ser-40 phosphorylation, stabilization and nuclear translocation as well as expression of Nrf2-dependent genes [HO1, NOQ1 and GCLC]. Nrf2 knockdown [by targeted shRNAs] or S40T mutation almost reversed KGF-induced RPE cell protection against UV. Further studies demonstrated that KGF activated KGFR-Akt-mTORC1 signaling to mediate downstream Nrf2 activation. KGFR shRNA or Akt-mTORC1 inhibition not only blocked KGF-induced Nrf2 Ser-40 phosphorylation and activation, but also nullified KGF-mediated RPE cell protection against UV. We conclude that KGF-KGFR activates Akt-mTORC1 downstream Nrf2 signaling to protect RPE cells from UV radiation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
14. Planetary nebulae with UVIT: Far ultra-violet halo around the Bow Tie nebula [NGC 40] NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Kameswara Rao, N.; Sutaria, F.; Murthy, J.; Krishna, S.; Mohan, R.; Ray, A. 2018-01-01 Context. NGC 40 is a planetary nebula with diffuse X-ray emission, suggesting an interaction of the high-speed wind from WC8 central star [CS] with the nebula. It shows strong C IV 1550 Å emission that cannot be explained by thermal processes alone. We present here the first map of this nebula in C IV emission using broad band filters on the Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope [UVIT]. Aim. We aim to map the hot C IV-emitting gas and its correspondence with soft X-ray [0.3-8 keV] emitting regions in order to study the shock interaction between the nebula and the ISM. We also aim to illustrate the potential of UVIT for nebular studies. Methods: We carry out a morphological study of images of the nebula obtained at an angular resolution of about 1.3″ in four UVIT filter bands that include C IV 1550 Å and [C II] 2326 Å lines as well as UV continuum. We also make comparisons with X-ray, optical, and IR images from the literature. Results: The [C II] 2326 Å images show the core of the nebula with two lobes on either side of CS similar to [N II]. The C IV emission in the core shows similar morphology and extent to that of diffuse X-ray emission concentrated in nebular condensations. A surprising UVIT discovery is the presence of a large faint far UV [FUV] halo in an FUV filter with λeff of 1608 Å. The UV halo is not present in any other UV filter. The FUV halo is most likely due to UV fluorescence emission from the Lyman bands of H2 molecules. Unlike the optical and IR halo, the FUV halo trails predominantly towards the south-east side of the nebular core, opposite to the CS's proper motion direction. Conclusions: Morphological similarity of C IV 1550 Å and X-ray emission in the core suggests that it results mostly from the interaction of strong CS wind with the nebula. The FUV halo in NGC 40 highlights the extensive existence of H2 molecules in the regions even beyond the optical and IR halos. Thus UV studies are important to estimate the amount of H2, which is
15. Fate of natural organic matter at a full-scale Drinking Water Treatment Plant in Greece. PubMed Papageorgiou, A; Papadakis, N; Voutsa, D 2016-01-01 The aim of this study was to investigate the fate of natural organic matter [NOM] and subsequent changes during the various treatment processes at a full-scale Drinking Water Treatment Plant [DWTP]. Monthly sampling campaigns were conducted for 1 year at six sites along DWTP of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece including raw water from the Aliakmonas River that supplies DWTP and samples from various treatment processes [pre-ozonation, coagulation, sand filtration, ozonation, and granular activated carbon [GAC] filtration]. The concentration of NOM and its characteristics as well as the removal efficiency of various treatment processes on the basis of dissolved organic carbon, UV absorbance, specific ultra-violet absorbance, fluorescence intensity, hydrophobicity, biodegradable dissolved organic carbon, and formation potential of chlorination by-products trihalomethanes [THMs] and haloacetic acids [HAAs] were studied. The concentration of dissolved organic carbon [DOC] in reservoir of the Aliakmonas River ranged from 1.46 to 1.84 mg/L, exhibiting variations regarding UV, fluorescence, and hydrophobic character through the year. Along DWTP, a significant reduction of aromatic, fluorophoric, and hydrophobic character of NOM was observed resulting in significant elimination of THM [63%] and HAAs [75%] precursors.
16. Ozone Treatment For Cooling Towers NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Blackwelder, Rick; Baldwin, Leroy V.; Feeney, Ellen S. 1990-01-01 Report presents results of study of cooling tower in which water treated with ozone instead of usual chemical agents. Bacteria and scale reduced without pollution and at low cost. Operating and maintenance costs with treatment about 30 percent of those of treatment by other chemicals. Corrosion rates no greater than with other chemicals. Advantage of ozone, even though poisonous, quickly detected by smell in very low concentrations.
17. UV Lidar Receiver Analysis for Tropospheric Sensing of Ozone NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Pliutau, Denis; DeYoung, Russell J. 2013-01-01 A simulation of a ground based Ultra-Violet Differential Absorption Lidar [UV-DIAL] receiver system was performed under realistic daytime conditions to understand how range and lidar performance can be improved for a given UV pulse laser energy. Calculations were also performed for an aerosol channel transmitting at 3 W. The lidar receiver simulation studies were optimized for the purpose of tropospheric ozone measurements. The transmitted lidar UV measurements were from 285 to 295 nm and the aerosol channel was 527-nm. The calculations are based on atmospheric transmission given by the HITRAN database and the Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications [MERRA] meteorological data. The aerosol attenuation is estimated using both the BACKSCAT 4.0 code as well as data collected during the CALIPSO mission. The lidar performance is estimated for both diffuseirradiance free cases corresponding to nighttime operation as well as the daytime diffuse scattered radiation component based on previously reported experimental data. This analysis presets calculations of the UV-DIAL receiver ozone and aerosol measurement range as a function of sky irradiance, filter bandwidth and laser transmitted UV and 527-nm energy
18. Ultra-violet and visible absorption characterization of explosives by differential reflectometry. PubMed Dubroca, Thierry; Moyant, Kyle; Hummel, Rolf E 2013-03-15 This study presents some optical properties of TNT [2,4,6-trinitrotoluene], RDX, HMX and tetryl, specifically their absorption spectra as a function of concentration in various solvents in the ultraviolet and visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. We utilize a standoff explosives detection method, called differential reflectometry [DR]. TNT was diluted in six different solvents [acetone, acetonitrile, ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol, and toluene], which allowed for a direct comparison of absorption features over a wide range of concentrations. A line-shape analysis was adopted with great accuracy [R[2]>0.99] to model the absorption features of TNT in differential reflectivity spectra. We observed a blue shift in the pertinent absorption band with decreasing TNT concentration for all solvents. Moreover, using this technique, it was found that for all utilized solvents the concentration of TNT as well as of RDX, HMX, and tetryl, measured as a function of the transition wavelength of the ultra-violet absorption edge in differential reflectivity spectra shows three distinct regions. A model is presented to explain this behavior which is based on intermolecular hydrogen bonding of explosives molecules with themselves [or lack thereof] at different concentrations. Other intermolecular forces such as dipole-dipole interactions, London dispersion forces and π-stacking contribute to slight variations in the resulting spectra, which were determined to be rather insignificant in comparison to hydrogen bonding. The results are aimed towards a better understanding of the DR spectra of explosives energetic materials. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
19. Merged Long-Term Data Sets from TOMS and SBUV Total Ozone Measurements NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Stolarski, Richard; McPeters, Richard; Labow, Gordon J.; Hollandsworth, Stacey; Flynn, Larry; Einaudi, Franco [Technical Monitor] 2000-01-01 Total ozone has been measured by a series of nadir-viewing satellite instruments. These measurements begin with the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer [TOMS] and Solar Backscatter UltraViolet [SBUV] instruments on Nimbus 7, launched in late 1978. The measurements have continued with the Meteor 3 TOMS, Earth Probe TOMS, and NOAA 9,11,14 SBUV/2 instruments. The problem for producing a long-term data set is establishing the relative calibration of the various instruments to better than 1%. There was a nearly two year gap between the Meteor 3 TOMS and the Earth Probe TOMS. This gap is filled by the NOAA 9 and 11 SBUV/2 instruments, but they were in drifting orbits that result in effective gaps in the record when the equator crossing time occurs at large solar zenith angle. We have used recently re-derived calibrations of the SBUV instruments using the D-pair [306/313 nm wavelengths] data at the equator. These equatorial D-pair measurements should maintain the internal calibration of each instrument better than previous approaches. We then use the comparisons between instruments during their overlap periods to establish a consistent calibration over the entire data set. The resulting merged ozone data set is independent of the ground-based Dobson/Brewer network.
20. Rapid Quantitative Analysis of Naringenin in the Fruit Bodies of Inonotus vaninii by Two-phase Acid Hydrolysis Followed by Reversed Phase-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-ultra Violet. PubMed Guohua, Xia; Pan, Ruirong; Bao, Rui; Ge, Yanru; Zhou, Cunshan; Shen, Yuping 2017-01-01 Sanghuang is one of mystical traditional Chinese medicines recorded earliest 2000 years ago, that included various fungi of Inonotus genus and was well-known for antitumor effect in modern medicine. Inonotus vaninii is grown in natural forest of Northeastern China merely and used as Sanghuang commercially, but it has no quality control specification until now. This study was to establish a rapid method of two-phase acid hydrolysis followed by reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet [RP-HPLC-UV] to quantify naringenin in the fruit body of I. vaninii . Sample solution was prepared by pretreatment of raw material in two-phase acid hydrolysis and the hydrolysis technology was optimized. After reconstitution, analysis was performed using RP-HPLC-UV. The method validation was investigated and the naringenin content of sample and comparison were determined. The naringenin was obtained by two-phase acid hydrolysis method, namely, 10.0 g of raw material was hydrolyzed in 200 mL of 1% sulfuric acid aqueous solution [v/v] and 400 mL of chloroform in oil bath at 110°C for 2 h. Good linearity [ r = 0.9992] was achieved between concentration of analyte and peak area. The relative standard deviation [RSD] of precision was 2.47% and the RSD of naringenin contents for repeatability was 3.13%. The accuracy was supported with recoveries at 96.37%, 97.30%, and 99.31%. The sample solution prepared using the proposed method contained higher content of naringenin than conventional method and was stable for 8 h. Due to the high efficiency of sample preparation and high reliability of the HPLC method, it is feasible to use this method for routine analysis of naringenin in the fungus. A convenient two-phase acid hydrolysis was employed to produce naringenin from raw material, and then an efficient and reliable reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet method was established to monitor naringenin in the fruit bodies of Inonotus vaninii

1. Wastewater Disinfectants: Many Called--Few Chosen ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Smith, James W. 1978-01-01 Gives a comparative study of disinfectants used to rid wastewater of pathogens. Concentrates on the effects of chlorine and ozone, with some mention of ultra-violet irradiation, bromine chloride, and chlorine dioxide. [MA]
2. Application of Ozone MBBR Process in Refinery Wastewater Treatment NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Lin, Wang 2018-01-01 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor [MBBR] is a kind of sewage treatment technology based on fluidized bed. At the same time, it can also be regarded as an efficient new reactor between active sludge method and the biological membrane method. The application of ozone MBBR process in refinery wastewater treatment is mainly studied. The key point is to design the ozone +MBBR combined process based on MBBR process. The ozone +MBBR process is used to analyze the treatment of concentrated water COD discharged from the refinery wastewater treatment plant. The experimental results show that the average removal rate of COD is 46.0%~67.3% in the treatment of reverse osmosis concentrated water by ozone MBBR process, and the effluent can meet the relevant standard requirements. Compared with the traditional process, the ozone MBBR process is more flexible. The investment of this process is mainly ozone generator, blower and so on. The prices of these items are relatively inexpensive, and these costs can be offset by the excess investment in traditional activated sludge processes. At the same time, ozone MBBR process has obvious advantages in water quality, stability and other aspects.
3. Minireview: the health implications of water treatment with ozone. PubMed Carmichael, N G; Winder, C; Borges, S H; Backhouse, B L; Lewis, P D 1982-01-11 Ozone is a highly efficient disinfectant which may have significant advantages in water treatment compared to chlorine. It has, however, been shown that mutagenic and possibly carcinogenic byproducts may be produced under certain conditions of ozonation. Light chlorination following ozonization may meet the highest standards of disinfection. In addition the destruction of much of the organic matter by prior ozone treatment may well result in less harmful chlorinated and brominated products in the finished water. In many cases ozone treatment alone may suffice. It would be desirable to test with long term in vivo experiments which of the alternatives produces the best combination of microbiologically clean and pleasant water with minimum mutagenic and carcinogenic effect.
4. Measuring SO2 ship emissions with an ultra-violet imaging camera NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Prata, A. J. 2013-11-01 Over the last few years fast-sampling ultra-violet [UV] imaging cameras have been developed for use in measuring SO2 emissions from industrial sources [e.g. power plants; typical fluxes ~1-10 kg s-1] and natural sources [e.g. volcanoes; typical fluxes ~10-100 kg s-1]. Generally, measurements have been made from sources rich in SO2 with high concentrations and fluxes. In this work, for the first time, a UV camera has been used to measure the much lower concentrations and fluxes of SO2 [typical fluxes ~0.01-0.1 kg s-1] in the plumes from moving and stationary ships. Some innovations and trade-offs have been made so that estimates of the fluxes and path concentrations can be retrieved in real-time. Field experiments were conducted at Kongsfjord in Ny Ålesund, Svalbard, where emissions from cruise ships were made, and at the port of Rotterdam, Netherlands, measuring emissions from more than 10 different container and cargo ships. In all cases SO2 path concentrations could be estimated and fluxes determined by measuring ship plume speeds simultaneously using the camera, or by using surface wind speed data from an independent source. Accuracies were compromised in some cases because of the presence of particulates in some ship emissions and the restriction of single-filter UV imagery, a requirement for fast-sampling [>10 Hz] from a single camera. Typical accuracies ranged from 10-30% in path concentration and 10-40% in flux estimation. Despite the ease of use and ability to determine SO2 fluxes from the UV camera system, the limitation in accuracy and precision suggest that the system may only be used under rather ideal circumstances and that currently the technology needs further development to serve as a method to monitor ship emissions for regulatory purposes.
5. Ultra-violet avalanche photodiode based on AlN/GaN periodically-stacked-structure NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Wu, Xingzhao; Zheng, Jiyuan; Wang, Lai; Brault, Julien; Matta, Samuel; Hao, Zhibiao; Sun, Changzheng; Xiong, Bing; Luo, Yi; Han, Yianjun; Wang, Jian; Li, Hongtao; Khalfioui, Mohamed A.; Li, Mo; Kang, Jianbin; Li, Qian 2018-02-01 The high-gain photomultiplier tube [PMT] is the most popular method to detect weak ultra-violet signals which attenuate quickly in atmosphere, although the vacuum tube makes it fragile and difficult to integrate. To overcome the disadvantage of PMT, an AlN/GaN periodically-stacked-structure [PSS] avalanche photodiode [APD] has been proposed, finally achieving good quality of high gain and low excessive noise. As there is a deep g valley only in the conduction band of both GaN and AlN, the electron transfers suffering less scattering and thus becomes easier to obtain the threshold of ionization impact. Because of unipolar ionization in the PSS APD, it works in linear mode. Four prototype devices of 5-period, 10-period, 15-period, and 20-period were fabricated to verify that the gain of APD increases exponentially with period number. And in 20-period device, a recorded high and stable gain of 104 was achieved under constant bias. In addition, it is proved both experimentally and theoretically, that temperature stability on gain is significantly improved in PSS APD. And it is found that the resonant enhancement in interfacial ionization may bring significant enhancement of electron ionization performance. To make further progress in PSS APD, the device structure is investigated by simulation. Both the gain and temperature stability are optimized alternatively by a proper design of periodical thickness and AlN layer occupancy.
6. Advanced treatment of biotreated textile industry wastewater with ozone, virgin/ozonated granular activated carbon and their combination. PubMed Arslan-Alaton, Idil; Seremet, Ozden 2004-01-01 Biotreated textile wastewater [CODo = 248 mg L[-1]; TOCo = 58 mg L[-1]; A620 = 0.007 cm[-1]; A525 = 0.181 cm[-1]; A436 = 0.198 cm[-1]] was subjected to advanced treatment with ozonation, granular activated carbon [GAC] adsorption in serial and simultaneous applications. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of applied ozone dose, ozone absorption rate, specific ozone absorption efficiency, GAC dose, and reaction pH on the treatment performance of the selected tertiary treatment scheme. In separate experiments, the impact of virgin GAC ozonation on its adsorptive capacity for biotreated and biotreated + ozonated textile effluent was also investigated. Ozonation appeared to be more effective for decolorization [kd = 0.15 min[-1] at pH = 3], whereas GAC adsorption yielded higher COD removal rates [54% at pH = 3]. It was also found that GAC addition [4 g/L] at pH = 7 and 9 enhanced the COD abatement rate of the ozonation process significantly and that the sequential application of ozonation [at pH = 3-11, 675 mg L[-1] O3] followed by GAC adsorption [at pH = 3-7, 10 g L[-1] GAC] resulted in the highest treatment performances both in terms of color and COD reduction. Simultaneous application of GAC and ozone at acidic and alkaline pH seriously inhibited COD abatement rates as a consequence of competitive adsorption and partial oxidation of textile components and GAC. It could also be established that ozone absorption efficiency decreased after color removal was complete. Ozonation of biotreated textile wastewater with 113 mg L[-1] ozone resulted in an appreciable enhancement of GAC adsorptive capacity in terms of residual color removal. Ozonation of GAC at relatively low doses [= 10.8 mg/g GAC] did not improve its overall adsorption capacity.
7. Vacuum ultra-violet damage and damage mitigation for plasma processing of highly porous organosilicate glass dielectrics DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Marneffe, J.-F. de, E-mail: marneffe@imec.be; Lukaszewicz, M.; Porter, S. B. 2015-10-07 Porous organosilicate glass thin films, with k-value 2.0, were exposed to 147 nm vacuum ultra-violet [VUV] photons emitted in a Xenon capacitive coupled plasma discharge. Strong methyl bond depletion was observed, concomitant with a significant increase of the bulk dielectric constant. This indicates that, besides reactive radical diffusion, photons emitted during plasma processing do impede dielectric properties and therefore need to be tackled appropriately during patterning and integration. The detrimental effect of VUV irradiation can be partly suppressed by stuffing the low-k porous matrix with proper sacrificial polymers showing high VUV absorption together with good thermal and VUV stability. In addition,more » the choice of an appropriate hard-mask, showing high VUV absorption, can minimize VUV damage. Particular processing conditions allow to minimize the fluence of photons to the substrate and lead to negligible VUV damage. For patterned structures, in order to reduce VUV damage in the bulk and on feature sidewalls, the combination of both pore stuffing/material densification and absorbing hard-mask is recommended, and/or the use of low VUV-emitting plasma discharge.« less
8. Topical gentian violet compared with nystatin oral suspension for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-1-infected participants. PubMed Mukherjee, Pranab K; Chen, Huichao; Patton, Lauren L; Evans, Scott; Lee, Anthony; Kumwenda, Johnstone; Hakim, James; Masheto, Gaerolwe; Sawe, Frederick; Pho, Mai T; Freedberg, Kenneth A; Shiboski, Caroline H; Ghannoum, Mahmoud A; Salata, Robert A 2017-01-02 Compare the safety and efficacy of topical gentian violet with that of nystatin oral suspension [NYS] for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-1-infected adults in resource-limited settings. Multicenter, open-label, evaluator-blinded, randomized clinical trial at eight international sites, within the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Adult HIV-infected participants with oropharyngeal candidiasis, stratified by CD4 cell counts and antiretroviral therapy status at study entry, were randomized to receive either gentian violet [0.00165%, BID] or NYS [500 000 units, QID] for 14 days. Cure or improvement after 14 days of treatment. Signs and symptoms of oropharyngeal candidiasis were evaluated in an evaluator-blinded manner. The study was closed early per Data Safety Monitoring Board after enrolling 221 participants [target = 494]. Among the 182 participants eligible for efficacy analysis, 63 [68.5%] in the gentian violet arm had cure or improvement of oropharyngeal candidiasis versus 61 [67.8%] in the NYS arm, resulting in a nonsizable difference of 0.007 [95% confidence interval: -0.129, 0.143]. There was no sizable difference in cure rates between the two arms [-0.0007; 95% confidence interval: -0.146, 0.131]. No gentian violet-related adverse events were noted. No sizable differences were identified in tolerance, adherence, quality of life, or acceptability of study drugs. In gentian violet arm, 61 and 39% of participants reported 'no' and 'mild-to-moderate' staining, respectively. Cost for medication procurement was significantly lower for gentian violet versus NYS [median $2.51 and 19.42, respectively, P = 0.01]. Efficacy of gentian violet was not statistically different than NYS, was well tolerated, and its procurement cost was substantially less than NYS.
9. Development of an Ultra-Violet Digital Camera for Volcanic Sulfur Dioxide Imaging NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Bluth, G. J.; Shannon, J. M.; Watson, I. M.; Prata, F. J.; Realmuto, V. J. 2006-12-01 In an effort to improve monitoring of passive volcano degassing, we have constructed and tested a digital camera for quantifying the sulfur dioxide [SO2] content of volcanic plumes. The camera utilizes a bandpass filter to collect photons in the ultra-violet [UV] region where SO2 selectively absorbs UV light. SO2 is quantified by imaging calibration cells of known SO2 concentrations. Images of volcanic SO2 plumes were collected at four active volcanoes with persistent passive degassing: Villarrica, located in Chile, and Santiaguito, Fuego, and Pacaya, located in Guatemala. Images were collected from distances ranging between 4 and 28 km away, with crisp detection up to approximately 16 km. Camera set-up time in the field ranges from 5-10 minutes and images can be recorded in as rapidly as 10-second intervals. Variable in-plume concentrations can be observed and accurate plume speeds [or rise rates] can readily be determined by tracing individual portions of the plume within sequential images. Initial fluxes computed from camera images require a correction for the effects of environmental light scattered into the field of view. At Fuego volcano, simultaneous measurements of corrected SO2 fluxes with the camera and a Correlation Spectrometer [COSPEC] agreed within 25 percent. Experiments at the other sites were equally encouraging, and demonstrated the camera's ability to detect SO2 under demanding meteorological conditions. This early work has shown great success in imaging SO2 plumes and offers promise for volcano monitoring due to its rapid deployment and data processing capabilities, relatively low cost, and improved interpretation afforded by synoptic plume coverage from a range of distances.
10. Modelling the Ozone-Based Treatments for Inactivation of Microorganisms PubMed Central Brodowska, Agnieszka Joanna; Nowak, Agnieszka; Kondratiuk-Janyska, Alina; Piątkowski, Marcin; Śmigielski, Krzysztof 2017-01-01 The paper presents the development of a model for ozone treatment in a dynamic bed of different microorganisms [Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, B. pumilus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aspergillus niger, Eupenicillium cinnamopurpureum] on a heterogeneous matrix [juniper berries, cardamom seeds] initially treated with numerous ozone doses during various contact times was studied. Taking into account various microorganism susceptibility to ozone, it was of great importance to develop a sufficiently effective ozone dose to preserve food products using different strains based on the microbial model. For this purpose, we have chosen the Weibull model to describe the survival curves of different microorganisms. Based on the results of microorganism survival modelling after ozone treatment and considering the least susceptible strains to ozone, we selected the critical ones. Among tested strains, those from genus Bacillus were recognized as the most critical strains. In particular, B. subtilis and B. pumilus possessed the highest resistance to ozone treatment because the time needed to achieve the lowest level of its survival was the longest [up to 17.04 min and 16.89 min for B. pumilus reduction on juniper berry and cardamom seed matrix, respectively]. Ozone treatment allow inactivate microorganisms to achieving lower survival rates by ozone dose [20.0 g O3/m3 O2, with a flow rate of 0.4 L/min] and contact time [up to 20 min]. The results demonstrated that a linear correlation between parameters p and k in Weibull distribution, providing an opportunity to calculate a fitted equation of the process. PMID:28991199
11. Modelling the Ozone-Based Treatments for Inactivation of Microorganisms. PubMed Brodowska, Agnieszka Joanna; Nowak, Agnieszka; Kondratiuk-Janyska, Alina; Piątkowski, Marcin; Śmigielski, Krzysztof 2017-10-09 The paper presents the development of a model for ozone treatment in a dynamic bed of different microorganisms [ Bacillus subtilis , B. cereus , B. pumilus , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas fluorescens , Aspergillus niger , Eupenicillium cinnamopurpureum ] on a heterogeneous matrix [juniper berries, cardamom seeds] initially treated with numerous ozone doses during various contact times was studied. Taking into account various microorganism susceptibility to ozone, it was of great importance to develop a sufficiently effective ozone dose to preserve food products using different strains based on the microbial model. For this purpose, we have chosen the Weibull model to describe the survival curves of different microorganisms. Based on the results of microorganism survival modelling after ozone treatment and considering the least susceptible strains to ozone, we selected the critical ones. Among tested strains, those from genus Bacillus were recognized as the most critical strains. In particular, B. subtilis and B. pumilus possessed the highest resistance to ozone treatment because the time needed to achieve the lowest level of its survival was the longest [up to 17.04 min and 16.89 min for B. pumilus reduction on juniper berry and cardamom seed matrix, respectively]. Ozone treatment allow inactivate microorganisms to achieving lower survival rates by ozone dose [20.0 g O₃/m³ O₂, with a flow rate of 0.4 L/min] and contact time [up to 20 min]. The results demonstrated that a linear correlation between parameters p and k in Weibull distribution, providing an opportunity to calculate a fitted equation of the process.
12. Ultra-violet absorption induced modifications in bulk and nanoscale electrical transport properties of Al-doped ZnO thin films DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Kumar, Mohit; Basu, Tanmoy; Som, Tapobrata, E-mail: tsom@iopb.res.in Using conductive atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy, we study local electrical transport properties in aluminum-doped zinc oxide [ZnO:Al or AZO] thin films. Current mapping shows a spatial variation in conductivity which corroborates well with the local mapping of donor concentration [∼10{sup 20 }cm{sup −3}]. In addition, a strong enhancement in the local current at grains is observed after exposing the film to ultra-violet [UV] light which is attributed to persistent photocurrent. Further, it is shown that UV absorption gives a smooth conduction in AZO film which in turn gives rise to an improvement in the bulk photoresponsivity ofmore » an n-AZO/p-Si heterojunction diode. This finding is in contrast to the belief that UV absorption in an AZO layer leads to an optical loss for the underneath absorbing layer of a heterojunction solar cell.« less
13. Reaction of photochemical resists used in screen printing under the influence of digitally modulated ultra violet light NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Gmuender, T. 2017-02-01 Different chemical photo-reactive emulsions are used in screen printing for stencil production. Depending on the bandwidth, optical power and depth of field from the optical system, the reaction / exposure speed has a diverse value. In this paper, the emulsions get categorized and validated in a first step. After that a mathematical model gets developed and adapted due to heuristic experience to estimate the exposure speed under the influence of digitally modulated ultra violet [UV] light. The main intention is to use the technical specifications [intended wavelength, exposure time, distance to the stencil, electrical power, stencil configuration] in the emulsion data sheet primary written down with an uncertainty factor for the end user operating with large projector arc lamps and photo films. These five parameters are the inputs for a mathematical formula which gives as an output the exposure speed for the Computer to Screen [CTS] machine calculated for each emulsion / stencil setup. The importance of this work relies in the possibility to rate with just a few boundaries the performance and capacity of an exposure system used in screen printing instead of processing a long test series for each emulsion / stencil configuration.
14. Spatial, temporal, and vertical variability of polar stratospheric ozone loss in the Arctic winters 2004/05-2009/10 NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Kuttippurath, J.; Godin-Beekmann, S.; Lefèvre, F.; Goutail, F. 2010-06-01 The stratospheric ozone loss during the Arctic winters 2004/05-2009/10 is investigated by using high resolution simulations from the chemical transport model Mimosa-Chim and observations from Microwave Limb Sounder [MLS] on Aura by the passive tracer technique. The winter 2004/05 was the coldest of the series with strongest chlorine activation. The ozone loss diagnosed from both model and measurements inside the polar vortex at 475 K ranges from ~1-0.7 ppmv in the warm winter 2005/06 to 1.7 ppmv in the cold winter 2004/05. Halogenated [chlorine and bromine] catalytic cycles contribute to 75-90% of the accumulated ozone loss at this level. At 675 K the lowest loss of ~0.4 ppmv is computed in 2008/09 from both simulations and observations and, the highest loss is estimated in 2006/07 by the model [1.3 ppmv] and in 2004/05 by MLS [1.5 ppmv]. Most of the ozone loss [60-75%] at this level results from cycles catalysed by nitrogen oxides [NO and NO2] rather than halogens. At both 475 and 675 K levels the simulated ozone evolution inside the polar vortex is in reasonably good agreement with the observations. The ozone total column loss deduced from the model calculations at the MLS sampling locations inside the vortex ranges between 40 DU in 2005/06 and 94 DU in 2004/05, while that derived from observations ranges between 37 DU and 111 DU in the same winters. These estimates from both Mimosa-Chim and MLS are in general good agreement with those from the ground-based UV-VIS [ultra violet-visible] ozone loss analyses for the respective winters.
15. Total ozone trends from 1979 to 2016 derived from five merged observational datasets - the emergence into ozone recovery NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Weber, Mark; Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie; Fioletov, Vitali E.; Frith, Stacey M.; Wild, Jeannette D.; Burrows, John P.; Long, Craig S.; Loyola, Diego 2018-02-01 We report on updated trends using different merged datasets from satellite and ground-based observations for the period from 1979 to 2016. Trends were determined by applying a multiple linear regression [MLR] to annual mean zonal mean data. Merged datasets used here include NASA MOD v8.6 and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] merge v8.6, both based on data from the series of Solar Backscatter UltraViolet [SBUV] and SBUV-2 satellite instruments [1978-present] as well as the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment [GOME]-type Total Ozone [GTO] and GOME-SCIAMACHY-GOME-2 [GSG] merged datasets [1995-present], mainly comprising satellite data from GOME, the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography [SCIAMACHY], and GOME-2A. The fifth dataset consists of the monthly mean zonal mean data from ground-based measurements collected at World Ozone and UV Data Center [WOUDC]. The addition of four more years of data since the last World Meteorological Organization [WMO] ozone assessment [2013-2016] shows that for most datasets and regions the trends since the stratospheric halogen reached its maximum [˜ 1996 globally and ˜ 2000 in polar regions] are mostly not significantly different from zero. However, for some latitudes, in particular the Southern Hemisphere extratropics and Northern Hemisphere subtropics, several datasets show small positive trends of slightly below +1 % decade-1 that are barely statistically significant at the 2σ uncertainty level. In the tropics, only two datasets show significant trends of +0.5 to +0.8 % decade-1, while the others show near-zero trends. Positive trends since 2000 have been observed over Antarctica in September, but near-zero trends are found in October as well as in March over the Arctic. Uncertainties due to possible drifts between the datasets, from the merging procedure used to combine satellite datasets and related to the low sampling of ground-based data, are not accounted for in the trend
16. Removal of micropollutants from Sakarya River water by ozone and membrane processes. PubMed Yaman, Fatma Büşra; Çakmakcı, Mehmet; Yüksel, Ebubekir; Özen, İsmail; Gengeç, Erhan 2017-09-01 The removal of some pollutants in the Sakarya River was investigated in this study. Sakarya River located in Turkey flows from the northeast of Afyonkarahisar City to the Black Sea. Nineteen different micropollutants including trihalomethanes [THMs], haloacetic acids [HAAs], endocrine disrupting compound [EDC] and pharmaceuticals personal care product [PPCP] groups, and water quality parameters such as dissolved organic carbon [DOC], ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm wavelength [UV 254 ], hardness, and conductivity values were examined. To remove the micropollutants and improve the water quality, the treatment was performed with ozone, microfiltration [MF], and ultra-filtration [UF] membranes. The highest treatment efficiency was obtained with 1 mg/L ozone dosage and UP005 UF membrane. The trihalomethan formation potential [THMFP] and haloacetic acid formation potential [HAAFP] decreased with ozone + membrane at a concentration of 79 and 75%, respectively. After the treatment with ozone + membrane, the concentration of the micropollutants in the EDC and PPCP group remained below the detection limit. It was found that by using only membrane and only ozone, the maximum DOC removal efficiency achieved was 46 and 18%, respectively; and with ozone + membrane, this efficiency increased up to 82%. The results from the High-Pressure Size Exclusion Chromatography [HPSEC] analyses pointed that the substances with high molecular weight were converted into substances with low molecular weight after the treatment. The Fourier Transform Infrared [FTIR] analysis results showed that the aromatic and aliphatic functional groups in water changed after the treatment with ozone and that the peak values decreased more after the ozone + membrane treatment.
17. Ablation of dentin by irradiation of violet diode laser NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Hatayama, H.; Kato, J.; Akashi, G.; Hirai, Y.; Inoue, A. 2006-02-01 Several lasers have been used for clinical treatment in dentistry. Among them, diode lasers are attractive because of their compactness compared with other laser sources. Near-infrared diode lasers have been practically used for cutting soft tissues. Because they penetrate deep to soft tissues, they cause sufficiently thick coagulation layer. However, they aren't suitable for removal of carious dentin because absorption by components in dentin is low. Recently, a violet diode laser with a wavelength of 405nm has been developed. It will be effective for cavity preparation because dentin contains about 20% of collagen whose absorption coefficient at a violet wavelength is larger than that at a near-infrared wavelength. In this paper, we examined cutting performance of the violet diode laser for dentin. To our knowledge, there have been no previous reports on application of a violet laser to dentin ablation. Bovine teeth were irradiated by continuous wave violet diode laser with output powers in a range from 0.4W to 2.4W. The beam diameter on the sample was about 270μm and an irradiation time was one second. We obtained the crater ablated at more than an output power of 0.8W. The depth of crater ranged from 20μm at 0.8W to 90μm at 2.4W. Furthermore, the beam spot with an output power of 1.7W was scanned at a speed of 1mm/second corresponding to movement of a dentist's hand in clinical treatment. Grooves with the depth of more than 50μm were also obtained. From these findings, the violet diode laser has good potential for cavity preparation. Therefore, the violet diode laser may become an effective tool for cavity preparation.
18. Treatment of oral thrush in HIV/AIDS patients with lemon juice and lemon grass [Cymbopogon citratus] and gentian violet. PubMed Wright, S C; Maree, J E; Sibanyoni, M 2009-03-01 The purpose of the study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of lemon juice and lemon grass [Cymbopogon citratus] in the treatment of oral thrush in HIV/AIDS patients when compared with the control group using gentian violet aqueous solution 0.5%. Oral thrush is a frequent complication of HIV infection. In the Moretele Hospice, due to financial constraints, the treatment routinely given to patients with oral thrush is either lemon juice directly into the mouth or a lemon grass infusion made from lemon grass [Cymbopogon citratus] grown and dried at the hospice. These two remedies have been found to be very efficacious therefore are used extensively. Gentian violet, the first line medication for oral thrush in South Africa, is not preferred by the primary health clinic patients due to the visible purple stain which leads them to being stigmatized as HIV-positive. Cymbopogon citratus and Citrus limon have known antifungal properties. The study design was a randomised controlled trial. Ninety patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: gentian violet, lemon juice or lemon grass. Inclusion criteria included being HIV-positive with a diagnosis of oral thrush. The study period was 11 days and patients were followed up every second day. International ethical principles were adhered to during the study. Of the 90 patients, 83 completed the study. In the intention-to-treat analysis, none of the p-values were significant therefore the null hypothesis could not be rejected. In the analysis of the participants who actually completed the trial, the lemon juice showed better results than the gentian violet aqueous solution 0.5% in the treatment of oral thrush in an HIV-positive population [p2,000 ppm for 2 h resulted in complete mortality of larvae and adults. Exposure to 4,000 ppm of ozone for 2 h resulted in 80% mortality of eggs, and exposure to CO[2] prior to ozonation did not improve the effect of ozonation on eggs. Ozone did not have any influence on the sugar content of Kabkab dates.
19. Electrochemical treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater by combining anodic oxidation with ozonation. PubMed Menapace, Hannes M; Diaz, Nicolas; Weiss, Stefan 2008-07-01 Wastewater effluents from sewage treatment plants [STP] are important point sources for residues of pharmaceuticals and complexing agents in the aquatic environment. For this reason a research project, which started in December 2006, was established to eliminate pharmaceutical substances and complexing agents found in wastewater as micropollutants. For the treatment process a combination of anodic oxidation by boron-doped diamond [BDD] electrodes and ozonation is examined and presented. For the ozone production a non-conventional, separate reactor was used, in which ozone was generated by electrolysis with diamond electrodes For the determination of the achievable remediation rates four complexing agents [e.g., EDTA, NTA] and eight pharmaceutical substances [e.g., diazepam, carbamazepin] were analyzed in several test runs under different conditions [varied flux, varied current density for the diamond electrode and the ozone producing electrode of the ozone generator, different packing materials for the column in the ozone injection system]. The flowrates of the treated water samples were varied from 3 L/h up to 26 L/h. For the anodic oxidation the influence of the current density was examined in the range between 22.7 and 45.5 mA/cm[2], for the ozone producing reactor two densities [1.8 a/cm[2] and 2.0 A/cm[2]] were tested. Matrix effects were investigated by test runs with samples from the effluent of an STP and synthetic waste water. Therefore the impact of the organic material in the samples could be determined by the comparison of the redox potential and the achievable elimination rates of the investigated substances. Comparing both technologies anodic oxidation seems to be superior to ozonation in each investigated area. With the used technology of anodic oxidation elimination rates up to 99% were reached for the investigated pharmaceutical substances at a current density of 45.5 mA/cm[2] and a maximum sample flux of 26 L/h.
20. The Effects of Ozonated Olive Oil and Clotrimazole Cream for Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. PubMed Tara, Fatemeh; Zand-Kargar, Ziba; Rajabi, Omid; Berenji, Fariba; Akhlaghi, Farideh; Shakeri, Mohammad Taghi; Azizi, Hoda 2016-07-01 Context • Vulvovaginal candidiasis is the most common infection of the vulvovagina, which manifests with itching, a burning sensation, and leucorrhea. Some infections have been reported to be tolerant to conventional treatments, especially in immunosuppressed patients. New studies have suggested that ozone, which is the allotropic form of oxygen, may have antifungal effects. Objective • The study intended to compare the effects of ozononated olive oil and clotrimazole in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Design • Patients were randomly assigned either to an ozone group or to a clotrimazole group in a randomized, controlled trial. Setting • The study took place in the Department of Gynecology of the School of Medicine at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Mashhad, Iran. Participants • Participants were 100 female patients who had been referred to the women's gynecology clinic at the Omolbanin and Ghaem Hospitals and who had confirmed vulvovaginal candidiasis. Intervention • Patients in the ozone group were treated with ozonated olive oil or those in the clotrimazole group were treated with clotrimazole for 7 d. Outcome Measures • Patients were evaluated through an interview and a paraclinical examination at baseline and postintervention. The study measured changes in itching, burning, and leucorrhea using a questionnaire that patients completed at the end of the study and determined the presence of an infection with vaginal candidiasis through a culture both before acceptance into the study and after the treatments, if accepted. Results • Ozone and clotrimazole both reduced symptoms significantly and led to a negative culture for vaginal candidiasis [P < .05]. No significant differences existed between the 2 groups in their effects on the symptom of itching and leucorrhea and on the results of the culture [P > .05]. However, clotrimazole decreased the burning sensation significantly more than did ozone [P < .05]. Conclusions �
21. Treatment of waste metalworking fluid by a hybrid ozone-biological process. PubMed Jagadevan, Sheeja; Graham, Nigel J; Thompson, Ian P 2013-01-15 In metal machining processes, the regulation of heat generation and lubrication at the contact point are achieved by application of a fluid referred to as metalworking fluid [MWF]. MWFs inevitably become operationally exhausted with age and intensive use, which leads to compromised properties, thereby necessitating their safe disposal. Disposal of this waste through a biological route is an increasingly attractive option, since it is effective with relatively low energy demands. However, successful biological treatment is challenging since MWFs are chemically complex, and include biocides specifically to retard microbial deterioration whilst the fluids are operational. In this study remediation of the recalcitrant component of a semi-synthetic MWF by a novel hybrid ozone-bacteriological treatment, was investigated. The hybrid treatment proved to be effective and reduced the chemical oxygen demand by 72% [26.9% and 44.9% reduction after ozonation and biological oxidation respectively]. Furthermore, a near-complete degradation of three non-biodegradable compounds [viz. benzotriazole, monoethanolamine, triethanolamine], commonly added as biocides and corrosion inhibitors in MWF formulations, under ozonation was observed. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
22. Optimization of stabilized leachate treatment using ozone/persulfate in the advanced oxidation process DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Abu Amr, Salem S.; Aziz, Hamidi Abdul, E-mail: cehamidi@eng.usm.my; Adlan, Mohd Nordin Highlights: ► Ozone and persulfate reagent [O{sub 3}/S{sub 2}O{sub 8}{sup 2-}] was used to treat stabilized leachate. ► Central composite design [CCD] with response surface methodology [RSM] was applied. ► Operating variables including ozone and persulfate dosage, pH variance, and reaction time. ► Optimum removal of COD, color, and NH{sub 3}–N was 72%, 96%, and 76%, respectively. ► A good value of ozone consumption [OC] obtained with 0.60 [kg O{sub 3}/kg COD]. - Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of employing persulfate reagent in the advanced oxidation of ozone to treat stabilized landfill leachate inmore » an ozone reactor. A central composite design [CCD] with response surface methodology [RSM] was applied to evaluate the relationships between operating variables, such as ozone and persulfate dosages, pH, and reaction time, to identify the optimum operating conditions. Quadratic models for the following four responses proved to be significant with very low probabilities [ ozonation \> solar heterogeneous photocatalysis with TiO[2]. Toxicity analyses by Vibrio fischeri and respirometric tests showed no significant changes in the effluent toxicity after the three tertiary treatments application. Solar photo-Fenton and ozonation treatments were also compared from an economical point of view. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
23. Treatment of wastewater containing o-phenylenediamine by ozone in a rotor-stator reactor. PubMed Arowo, Moses; Li, Yingwen; Chu, Guangwen; Sun, Baochang; Chen, Jianfeng; Shao, Lei 2016-01-01 This work employed a novel rotor-stator reactor [RSR] to intensify the degradation process of o-phenylenediamine [o-PDA] by ozone. The effects of different operating parameters including initial pH, temperature, rotation speed, liquid volumetric flow rate and inlet ozone concentration on the removal efficiency of o-PDA were investigated in an attempt to establish the optimum conditions. The removal efficiency was evaluated in terms of degradation ratio and chemical oxygen demand [COD] reduction ratio of the o-PDA wastewater. Results indicate that the removal efficiency decreased with increasing liquid volumetric flow rate but increased with an increase in pH and inlet ozone concentration. Also, the removal efficiency increased up to a certain level with an increase in rotation speed and temperature. Additionally, a comparison experiment was carried out in a stirred tank reactor [STR], and the results show that the degradation and COD reduction ratios reached a maximum of 94.6% and 61.2% in the RSR as compared to 45.3% and 28.6% in the STR, respectively. This work demonstrates that ozone oxidation carried out in RSR may be a promising alternative for pre-treatment of o-PDA wastewater.
24. Ozone Gas as a Benign Sterilization Treatment for PLGA Nanofiber Scaffolds PubMed Central de Jesus Andreoli Pinto, Terezinha; Bou-Chacra, Nadia Araci; Galante, Raquel; de Araújo, Gabriel Lima Barros; do Nascimento Pedrosa, Tatiana; Maria-Engler, Silvya Stuchi 2016-01-01 The use of electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications is a growing trend as they provide improved support for cell proliferation and survival due, in part, to their morphology mimicking that of the extracellular matrix. Sterilization is a critical step in the fabrication process of implantable biomaterial scaffolds for clinical use, but many of the existing methods used to date can negatively affect scaffold properties and performance. Poly[lactic-co-glycolic acid] [PLGA] has been widely used as a biodegradable polymer for 3D scaffolds and can be significantly affected by current sterilization techniques. The aim of this study was to investigate pulsed ozone gas as an alternative method for sterilizing PLGA nanofibers. The morphology, mechanical properties, physicochemical properties, and response of cells to PLGA nanofiber scaffolds were assessed following different degrees of ozone gas sterilization. This treatment killed Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores, the most common biological indicator used for validation of sterilization processes. In addition, the method preserved all of the characteristics of nonsterilized PLGA nanofibers at all degrees of sterilization tested. These findings suggest that ozone gas can be applied as an alternative method for sterilizing electrospun PLGA nanofiber scaffolds without detrimental effects. PMID:26757850
25. Ozone Gas as a Benign Sterilization Treatment for PLGA Nanofiber Scaffolds. PubMed Rediguieri, Carolina Fracalossi; Pinto, Terezinha de Jesus Andreoli; Bou-Chacra, Nadia Araci; Galante, Raquel; de Araújo, Gabriel Lima Barros; Pedrosa, Tatiana do Nascimento; Maria-Engler, Silvya Stuchi; De Bank, Paul A 2016-04-01 The use of electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications is a growing trend as they provide improved support for cell proliferation and survival due, in part, to their morphology mimicking that of the extracellular matrix. Sterilization is a critical step in the fabrication process of implantable biomaterial scaffolds for clinical use, but many of the existing methods used to date can negatively affect scaffold properties and performance. Poly[lactic-co-glycolic acid] [PLGA] has been widely used as a biodegradable polymer for 3D scaffolds and can be significantly affected by current sterilization techniques. The aim of this study was to investigate pulsed ozone gas as an alternative method for sterilizing PLGA nanofibers. The morphology, mechanical properties, physicochemical properties, and response of cells to PLGA nanofiber scaffolds were assessed following different degrees of ozone gas sterilization. This treatment killed Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores, the most common biological indicator used for validation of sterilization processes. In addition, the method preserved all of the characteristics of nonsterilized PLGA nanofibers at all degrees of sterilization tested. These findings suggest that ozone gas can be applied as an alternative method for sterilizing electrospun PLGA nanofiber scaffolds without detrimental effects.
26. Application of ozone to eliminate tertiary treatment of wastewater used for industrial cooling NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Merrill, D. T.; Parker, D. S. 1982-02-01 The beneficial performance of ozone [biofouling, corrosion, and chemical scaling control], when used as the sole source of cooling water treatment for air conditioning systems, could be obtained at higher cooling water temperatures typical of industrial cooling with secondary municipal effluent [SME] used as the cooling medium was investigated. A pilot cooling system was constructed and a 6 month experimental study initiated to determine process limits, mechanisms of scaling inhibition by ozone, and to evaluate factors influencing technical/economic feasibility. It was found that, while ozone use adequately controlled corrosion and biofouling, chemical scaling could not be prevented at conditions necessary for significant economic justification. Calculations indicate that the makeup waters [SME] used will become saturated with respect to calcium phosphate at less than 2 cycles of concentration, hence, a scaling potential exists at conditions less stringent than those used in the present study.
27. 21 CFR 74.3602 - D&C Violet No. 2. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-04-01 ... coloring absorbable meniscal tacks made from poly [L-lactic acid] at a level not to exceed 0.15 percent by... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false D&C Violet No. 2. 74.3602 Section 74.3602 Food and... ADDITIVES SUBJECT TO CERTIFICATION Medical Devices § 74.3602 D&C Violet No. 2. [a] Identity and...
28. 21 CFR 74.3602 - D&C Violet No. 2. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-04-01 ... coloring absorbable meniscal tacks made from poly [L-lactic acid] at a level not to exceed 0.15 percent by... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false D&C Violet No. 2. 74.3602 Section 74.3602 Food and... ADDITIVES SUBJECT TO CERTIFICATION Medical Devices § 74.3602 D&C Violet No. 2. [a] Identity and...
29. 21 CFR 74.3602 - D&C Violet No. 2. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-04-01 ... coloring absorbable meniscal tacks made from poly [L-lactic acid] at a level not to exceed 0.15 percent by... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false D&C Violet No. 2. 74.3602 Section 74.3602 Food and... ADDITIVES SUBJECT TO CERTIFICATION Medical Devices § 74.3602 D&C Violet No. 2. [a] Identity and...

1. 21 CFR 74.3602 - D&C Violet No. 2. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-04-01 ... coloring absorbable meniscal tacks made from poly [L-lactic acid] at a level not to exceed 0.15 percent by... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false D&C Violet No. 2. 74.3602 Section 74.3602 Food and... ADDITIVES SUBJECT TO CERTIFICATION Medical Devices § 74.3602 D&C Violet No. 2. [a] Identity and...
2. 21 CFR 74.3602 - D&C Violet No. 2. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-04-01 ... coloring absorbable meniscal tacks made from poly [L-lactic acid] at a level not to exceed 0.15 percent by... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false D&C Violet No. 2. 74.3602 Section 74.3602 Food and... ADDITIVES SUBJECT TO CERTIFICATION Medical Devices § 74.3602 D&C Violet No. 2. [a] Identity and...
3. A hybrid process combining homogeneous catalytic ozonation and membrane distillation for wastewater treatment. PubMed Zhang, Yong; Zhao, Peng; Li, Jie; Hou, Deyin; Wang, Jun; Liu, Huijuan 2016-10-01 A novel catalytic ozonation membrane reactor [COMR] coupling homogeneous catalytic ozonation and direct contact membrane distillation [DCMD] was developed for refractory saline organic pollutant treatment from wastewater. An ozonation process took place in the reactor to degrade organic pollutants, whilst the DCMD process was used to recover ionic catalysts and produce clean water. It was found that 98.6% total organic carbon [TOC] and almost 100% salt were removed and almost 100% metal ion catalyst was recovered. TOC in the permeate water was less than 16 mg/L after 5 h operation, which was considered satisfactory as the TOC in the potassium hydrogen phthalate [KHP] feed water was as high as 1000 mg/L. Meanwhile, the membrane distillation flux in the COMR process was 49.8% higher than that in DCMD process alone after 60 h operation. Further, scanning electron microscope images showed less amount and smaller size of contaminants on the membrane surface, which indicated the mitigation of membrane fouling. The tensile strength and FT-IR spectra tests did not reveal obvious changes for the polyvinylidene fluoride membrane after 60 h operation, which indicated the good durability. This novel COMR hybrid process exhibited promising application prospects for saline organic wastewater treatment. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
4. Graphene Oxide by UV-Ozone Treatment as an Efficient Hole Extraction Layer for Highly Efficient and Stable Polymer Solar Cells. PubMed Xia, Yingdong; Pan, Yufeng; Zhang, Haijuan; Qiu, Jian; Zheng, Yiting; Chen, Yonghua; Huang, Wei 2017-08-09 The hole extraction layer has a significant impact on the achievement of high-efficiency polymer solar cells [PSCs]. Here, we report an efficient approach to direct UV-ozone treatment by larger device performance enhancement employing graphene oxide [GO]. The dramatic performance enhancement of PSCs with the P3HT:PCBM blend as an active layer was demonstrated by the UV-ozone treatment of GO for 30 min: best power conversion efficiency [PCE] of 4.18%, fill factor of 0.63, J sc of 10.94 mA cm -2 , and V oc of 0.61 V, which are significantly higher than those of the untreated GO [1.82%] and highly comparable PEDOT:PSS-based PSCs [3.73%]. In addition, PSCs with UV-ozone-treated GO showed a longer stability than PSCs with PEDOT:PSS. The significant enhancement of PCEs of PSCs can be attributed to the fact that ozone molecules can oxidize GO into CO 2 and leave highly conductive graphene particles. We suggest that this simple UV-ozone treatment can provide an efficient method for highly efficient GO hole extraction in high-performance PSCs.
5. Ultrahigh vacuum and low-temperature cleaning of oxide surfaces using a low-concentration ozone beam DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Pratt, A.; Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD; Graziosi, P. We present a novel method of delivering a low-concentration [ 0.05]. The fumigation with ozone significantly affected the soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content [vitamin C] of the strawberries preventing a sharp reduction of these parameters during storage.
6. Highly reproducible and reliable metal/graphene contact by ultraviolet-ozone treatment DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Li, Wei; Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899; Hacker, Christina A. 2014-03-21 Resist residue from the device fabrication process is a significant source of contamination at the metal/graphene contact interface. Ultraviolet Ozone [UVO] treatment is proven here, by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman measurement, to be an effective way of cleaning the metal/graphene interface. Electrical measurements of devices that were fabricated by using UVO treatment of the metal/graphene contact region show that stable and reproducible low resistance metal/graphene contacts are obtained and the electrical properties of the graphene channel remain unaffected.
7. [Estimation of efficacy of the ozone-quant therapy in prophylaxis and treatment of the purulent-necrotic complications of pancreatic pseudocysts]. PubMed Hazdiuk, P V 2009-01-01 There were analyzed the tactics and the results of 132 patients complex surgical treatment , suffering pancreatic gland pseudocysts [PGP]. The original method of the ozone-quant therapy [OQTH], using biophysical factors, such as the ozonized solution of sodium chloride and low-intensity laser irradiation, was applied for prophylaxis and treatment of PGP purulent-necrotic complications [PNC]. The data obtained, witness about efficacy of the proposed OQTH method in prophylaxis and treatment of PGP PNC.
8. Efficiency enhancement of silicon nanowire solar cells by using UV/Ozone treatments and micro-grid electrodes NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Chen, Junyi; Subramani, Thiyagu; Sun, Yonglie; Jevasuwan, Wipakorn; Fukata, Naoki 2018-05-01 Silicon nanowire solar cells were fabricated by metal catalyzed electroless etching [MCEE] followed by thermal chemical vapor deposition [CVD]. In this study, we investigated two effects, a UV/ozone treatment and the use of a micro-grid electrodes, to enhance light absorption and reduce the optic losses in the solar cell device. The UV/ozone treatment successfully improved the conversion efficiency. The micro-grid electrodes were then applied in solar cell devices subjected to a back surface field [BSF] treatment and rapid thermal annealing [RTA]. These effects improved the conversion efficiency from 9.4% to 10.9%. Moreover, to reduce surface recombination and improve the continuity of front electrodes, we optimized the etching time of the MCEE process, giving a high efficiency of 12.3%.
9. Combination of ozonation, activated carbon, and biological aerated filter for advanced treatment of dyeing wastewater for reuse. PubMed Zou, Xiao-Ling 2015-06-01 Laboratorial scale experiments were performed to investigate and evaluate the performance and removal characteristics of organics, color, and genotoxicity by an integrated process including ozonation, activated carbon [AC], and biological aerated filter [BAF] for recycling biotreated dyeing wastewater [BTDW] collected from a cotton textile factory. Influent chemical oxygen demand [COD] in the range of 156 - 252 mg/L, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand [BOD5] of 13.5 - 21.7 mg/L, and color of 58 - 76° were observed during the 20-day continuous operation. Outflows with average COD of 43 mg/L, BOD5 of 6.6 mg/L, and color of 5.6° were obtained after being decontaminated by the hybrid system with ozone dosage of 0.25 mg O3applied/mg COD0, 40 min ozonation contact time, 30 min hydraulic retention time [HRT] for AC treatment, and 2.5 h HRT for BAF treatment. More than 82 % of the genotoxicity of BTDW was eliminated in the ozonation unit. The genotoxicity of the BAF effluent was less than 1.33 μg 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide/L. Ozonation could change the organics molecular structures, destroy chromophores, increase the biodegradability, and obviously reduce the genotoxicity of BTDW. Results showed that the combined process could guarantee water reuse with high quality.
10. Effect of ozonation on the removal of cyanobacterial toxins during drinking water treatment. PubMed Central Hoeger, Stefan J; Dietrich, Daniel R; Hitzfeld, Bettina C 2002-01-01 Water treatment plants faced with toxic cyanobacteria have to be able to remove cyanotoxins from raw water. In this study we investigated the efficacy of ozonation coupled with various filtration steps under different cyanobacterial bloom conditions. Cyanobacteria were ozonated in a laboratory-scale batch reactor modeled on a system used by a modern waterworks, with subsequent activated carbon and sand filtration steps. The presence of cyanobacterial toxins [microcystins] was determined using the protein phosphatase inhibition assay. We found that ozone concentrations of at least 1.5 mg/L were required to provide enough oxidation potential to destroy the toxin present in 5 X 10[5 ]Microcystis aeruginosa cells/mL [total organic carbon [TOC], 1.56 mg/L]. High raw water TOC was shown to reduce the efficiency of free toxin oxidation and destruction. In addition, ozonation of raw waters containing high cyanobacteria cell densities will result in cell lysis and liberation of intracellular toxins. Thus, we emphasize that only regular and simultaneous monitoring of TOC/dissolved organic carbon and cyanobacterial cell densities, in conjunction with online residual O[3] concentration determination and efficient filtration steps, can ensure the provision of safe drinking water from surface waters contaminated with toxic cyanobacterial blooms. PMID:12417484
11. BIODEGRADATION OF CRYSTAL VIOLET BY THE WHITE ROT FUNGUS PHANEROCHAETE CHRYSOPORIUM EPA Science Inventory Biodegradation of crystal violet [N,N,N',N',N",N"-hexamethylpararosaniline] in ligninolytic [nitrogen-limited] cultures of the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium was demonstrated by the disappearance of crystal violet and by the identification of three metabolites [N,N,...
12. Combined System of Activated Sludge and Ozonation for the Treatment of Kraft E1 Effluent PubMed Central Assalin, Marcia Regina; dos Santos Almeida, Edna; Durán, Nelson 2009-01-01 The treatment of paper mill effluent for COD, TOC, total phenols and color removal was investigated using combined activated sludge-ozonation processes and single processes. The combined activated sludge-O3/pH 10 treatment was able to remove around 80% of COD, TOC and color from Kraft E1 effluent. For the total phenols, the efficiency removal was around 70%. The ozonation post treatment carried out at pH 8.3 also showed better results than the single process. The COD, TOC, color and total phenols removal efficiency obtained were 75.5, 59.1, 77 and 52.3%, respectively. The difference in the concentrations of free radical produced by activated sludge-O3/pH 10 and activated sludge-O3/pH 8.3 affected mainly the TOC and total phenol removal values. PMID:19440438
13. Ozone and caries: a review of the literature. PubMed Burke, F J Trevor 2012-05-01 Ozone, either in gaseous form or as ozonated water, has been available for use as a treatment for dental caries for a decade. This paper reviews the literature on the subject by examining the findings of publications in the peer review literature. Eighteen papers were identified by a literature search. From the review of these, it was concluded that, while some laboratory studies and some short duration clinical studies have suggested that ozone may be effective in the treatment of root caries or killing of oral micro-organisms, the clinical evidence for the use of ozone in treatment of caries is not compelling.
14. Shelf life characteristics of bread produced from ozonated wheat flour. PubMed Obadi, Mohammed; Zhu, Ke-Xue; Peng, Wei; Sulieman, Abdellatif A; Mahdi, Amer Ali; Mohammed, Khalid; Zhou, Hui-Ming 2017-11-13 The objective of this work was to study the effect of ozone treatment on the quality of bread and its shelf life. Flour was treated with ozone gas a rate of 5 L/min for 5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 min. Baking studies showed that bread made from flour treated with ozone for 15 min exhibited improved quality properties [in terms of specific volume, bread color, and crumb cell numbers]. Exposure to ozone for shorter times did not cause obvious changes in the major volatile compounds of bread. A shelf life tests showed that ozone gas treatment influenced the extent of starch crystallinity. The relative starch crystallinity of bread made from flour treated with ozone for 15 min was lower than the control value, as were the hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness. Microscopic examination of crumb structure revealed remarkable differences between control and treated breads. Although ozone is a naturally occurring substance found in the atmosphere, ozone can also be produced synthetically. Recently, ozone has come to be regarded as a new treatment for flour. Especially in countries where the chlorination is forbidden, ozone treatment may be of a great interest if it were associated with significant and reliable changes in flour. Ozone treatment of wheat flour tends to improve bread shelf life and quality in terms of physiochemical, baking properties, X-ray diffraction data, volatile compound levels, crumb structure, and textural characteristics. Given such findings, desirable shelf life and bread qualities may be achieved when ozone is used as a flour oxidant prior to bread baking. Analyses of the effects of ozone gas on treatment of flour on bread shelf life and quality would aid the production of high quality and extend the shelf life of bread. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
15. The Impact of Ozone Treatment in Dynamic Bed Parameters on Changes in Biologically Active Substances of Juniper Berries PubMed Central Brodowska, Agnieszka Joanna; Śmigielski, Krzysztof; Nowak, Agnieszka; Czyżowska, Agata; Otlewska, Anna 2015-01-01 The development of the parameters of ozone decontamination method assuring the least possible losses of biologically active substances [essential oils and polyphenols] and their activity in common juniper [Juniperus communis [L.]] berries was studied. Ozone treatment in dynamic bed was conducted 9 times. The process was conducted under different ozone concentrations [100.0; 130.0; 160.0 g O3/m3] and times [30, 60, 90 min]. After each decontamination, the microbiological profile of the juniper berries was studied, and the contaminating microflora was identified. Next to the microbiological profile, the phenolic profile, as well as antioxidant activity of extracts and essential oils were determined. The total polyphenol content [TPC], composition of essential oils, free radical-scavenging capacity, total antioxidant capacity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power [FRAP], beta-carotene bleaching test [BCB] and LC-MS polyphenol analysis were carried out. The study reveals that during short ozone contact times, higher amounts of TPC, 15.47 and 12.91 mg CE/g of extract, for samples 100/30 and 130/30, respectively, were demonstrated. Whereas samples 100/60, 130/60, 100/90, and 160/90 exhibited the lowest amount of phenolics. The highest antioxidant activity was found in the methanol extract obtained from ozonated berries which exhibited the lowest IC50 in all the antioxidant assays, such as DPPH, FRAP, and BCB assays. Ozone treatment showed noteworthy potential and its usage in food manufacturing and as an alternative decontamination method should be considered. PMID:26659905
16. The Impact of Ozone Treatment in Dynamic Bed Parameters on Changes in Biologically Active Substances of Juniper Berries. PubMed Brodowska, Agnieszka Joanna; Śmigielski, Krzysztof; Nowak, Agnieszka; Czyżowska, Agata; Otlewska, Anna 2015-01-01 The development of the parameters of ozone decontamination method assuring the least possible losses of biologically active substances [essential oils and polyphenols] and their activity in common juniper [Juniperus communis [L.]] berries was studied. Ozone treatment in dynamic bed was conducted 9 times. The process was conducted under different ozone concentrations [100.0; 130.0; 160.0 g O3/m3] and times [30, 60, 90 min]. After each decontamination, the microbiological profile of the juniper berries was studied, and the contaminating microflora was identified. Next to the microbiological profile, the phenolic profile, as well as antioxidant activity of extracts and essential oils were determined. The total polyphenol content [TPC], composition of essential oils, free radical-scavenging capacity, total antioxidant capacity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power [FRAP], beta-carotene bleaching test [BCB] and LC-MS polyphenol analysis were carried out. The study reveals that during short ozone contact times, higher amounts of TPC, 15.47 and 12.91 mg CE/g of extract, for samples 100/30 and 130/30, respectively, were demonstrated. Whereas samples 100/60, 130/60, 100/90, and 160/90 exhibited the lowest amount of phenolics. The highest antioxidant activity was found in the methanol extract obtained from ozonated berries which exhibited the lowest IC50 in all the antioxidant assays, such as DPPH, FRAP, and BCB assays. Ozone treatment showed noteworthy potential and its usage in food manufacturing and as an alternative decontamination method should be considered.
17. Remedial Process Optimization and Green In-Situ Ozone Sparging for Treatment of Groundwater Impacted with Petroleum Hydrocarbons NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Leu, J. 2012-12-01 A former natural gas processing station is impacted with TPH and BTEX in groundwater. Air sparging and soil vapor extraction [AS/AVE] remediation systems had previously been operated at the site. Currently, a groundwater extraction and treatment system is operated to remove the chemicals of concern [COC] and contain the groundwater plume from migrating offsite. A remedial process optimization [RPO] was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of historic and current remedial activities and recommend an approach to optimize the remedial activities. The RPO concluded that both the AS/SVE system and the groundwater extraction system have reached the practical limits of COC mass removal and COC concentration reduction. The RPO recommended an in-situ chemical oxidation [ISCO] study to evaluate the best ISCO oxidant and approach. An ISCO bench test was conducted to evaluate COC removal efficiency and secondary impacts to recommend an application dosage. Ozone was selected among four oxidants based on implementability, effectiveness, safety, and media impacts. The bench test concluded that ozone demand was 8 to 12 mg ozone/mg TPH and secondary groundwater by-products of ISCO include hexavalent chromium and bromate. The pH also increased moderately during ozone sparging and the TDS increased by approximately 20% after 48 hours of ozone treatment. Prior to the ISCO pilot study, a capture zone analysis [CZA] was conducted to ensure containment of the injected oxidant within the existing groundwater extraction system. The CZA was conducted through a groundwater flow modeling using MODFLOW. The model indicated that 85%, 90%, and 95% of an injected oxidant could be captured when a well pair is injecting and extracting at 2, 5, and 10 gallons per minute, respectively. An ISCO pilot test using ozone was conducted to evaluate operation parameters for ozone delivery. The ozone sparging system consisted of an ozone generator capable of delivering 6 lbs/day ozone through two ozone

1. Treatment of toluene and its by-products using an electron beam/ultra-fine bubble hybrid system NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Son, Youn-Suk; Kim, Tae-Hun; Choi, Chang Yong; Park, Jun-Hyeong; Ahn, Ji-Won; Dinh, Trieu-Vuong 2018-03-01 Although, until quite recently, many technologies [electron beam [EB], plasma, and ultraviolet] have been studied to overcome disadvantages of conventional methods [such as absorption, adsorption, biofiltration and incineration] for treatment of volatile organic compounds [VOCs], their techniques still have some problems such as formation of a by-product. Generally, it is reported that various by-products are generated from the EB irradiation process to remove VOCs. Therefore, we developed an electron beam/ultra-fine bubble [EB/UB] hybrid system to enhance removal efficiency of a VOC [toluene] and to reduce its by-products formed by electron beam irradiation. As a result, the removal efficiency of toluene [30 ppm] by only EB [10 kGy] was 80.1%. However, the removal efficiency of toluene using the hybrid system [water temperature: 5 ℃] was increased up to 17% when compared to only EB [10 kGy]. Additionally, the 65.2% of ozone formed from the EB process was removed in UB reactor. In case of other trace by-products such as undesired VOCs and aldehydes, the levels were lowered down to the below detection limit by the subsequent UB reactor. We also found that the amount of toluene collected and solubilized into water is affected by the water temperature in the UB reactor.
2. Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma-Induced Photocatalysis and Ozonation for the Treatment of Wastewater NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Mok, Young Sun; Jo, Jin-Oh; Lee, Heon-Ju 2008-02-01 The physicochemical processes of dielectric barrier discharge [DBD] such as in-situ formation of chemically active species and emission of ultraviolet [UV]/visible light were utilized for the treatment of a simulated wastewater formed with Acid Red 4 as the model organic contaminant. The chemically active species [mostly ozone] produced in the DBD reactor were well distributed in the wastewater using a porous gas diffuser, thereby increasing the gas-liquid contact area. For the purpose of making the best use of the light emission, a titanium oxide-based photocatalyst was incorporated in the wastewater treating system. The experimental parameters chosen were the voltage applied to the DBD reactor, the initial pH of the wastewater, and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide added to the wastewater. The results have clearly shown that the present system capable of degrading organic contaminants in two ways [photocatalysis and ozonation] may be a promising wastewater treatment technology.
3. Removal of Micrometer Size Morphological Defects and Enhancement of Ultraviolet Emission by Thermal Treatment of Ga-Doped ZnO Nanostructures PubMed Central Manzoor, Umair; Kim, Do K.; Islam, Mohammad; Bhatti, Arshad S. 2014-01-01 Mixed morphologies of Ga-doped Zinc Oxide [ZnO] nanostructures are synthesized by vapor transport method. Systematic scanning electron microscope [SEM] studies of different morphologies, after periodic heat treatments, gives direct evidence of sublimation. SEM micrographs give direct evidence that morphological defects of nanostructures can be removed by annealing. Ultra Violet [UV] and visible emission depends strongly on the annealing temperatures and luminescent efficiency of UV emission is enhanced significantly with each subsequent heat treatment. X-Ray diffraction [XRD] results suggest that crystal quality improved by annealing and phase separation may occur at high temperatures. PMID:24489725
4. Elimination of micropollutants and transformation products from a wastewater treatment plant effluent through pilot scale ozonation followed by various activated carbon and biological filters. PubMed Knopp, Gregor; Prasse, Carsten; Ternes, Thomas A; Cornel, Peter 2016-09-01 Conventional wastewater treatment plants are ineffective in removing a broad range of micropollutants, resulting in the release of these compounds into the aquatic environment, including natural drinking water resources. Ozonation is a suitable treatment process for micropollutant removal, although, currently, little is known about the formation, behavior, and removal of transformation products [TP] formed during ozonation. We investigated the elimination of 30 selected micropollutants [pharmaceuticals, X-ray contrast media, industrial chemicals, and TP] by biological treatment coupled with ozonation and, subsequently, in parallel with two biological filters [BF] or granular activated carbon [GAC] filters. The selected micropollutants were removed to very different extents during the conventional biological wastewater treatment process. Ozonation [specific ozone consumption: 0.87 ± 0.29 gO3 gDOC[-1], hydraulic retention time: 17 ± 3 min] eliminated a large number of the investigated micropollutants. Although 11 micropollutants could still be detected after ozonation, most of these were eliminated in subsequent GAC filtration at bed volumes [BV] of approximately 25,000 m[3] m[-3]. In contrast, no additional removal of micropollutants was achieved in the BF. Ozonation of the analgesic tramadol led to the formation of tramadol-N-oxide that is effectively eliminated by GAC filters, but not by BF. For the antiviral drug acyclovir, the formation of carboxy-acyclovir was observed during activated sludge treatment, with an average concentration of 3.4 ± 1.4 μg L[-1] detected in effluent samples. Subsequent ozonation resulted in the complete elimination of carboxy-acyclovir and led to the formation of N-[4-carbamoyl-2-imino-5-oxo imidazolidin]-formamido-N-methoxyacetetic acid [COFA; average concentration: 2.6 ± 1.0 μg L[-1]]. Neither the BF nor the GAC filters were able to remove COFA. These results highlight the importance of considering TP in the
5. Evaluation of Non-Ozone-Depleting-Chemical Cleaning Methods for Space Mechanisms Using a Vacuum Spiral Orbit Rolling Contact Tribometer NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Jansen, Mark J.; Jones, William R., Jr.; Wheeler, Donald R.; Keller, Dennis J. 2000-01-01 Because CFC 113, an ozone depleting chemical [ODC], can no longer be produced, alternative bearing cleaning methods must be studied. The objective of this work was to study the effect of the new cleaning methods on lubricant lifetime using a vacuum bearing simulator [spiral orbit rolling contact tribometer]. Four alternative cleaning methods were studied: ultra-violet [UV] ozone, aqueous levigated alumina slurry [ALAS], super critical fluid [SCF] CO2 and aqueous Brulin 815GD. Baseline tests were done using CFC 113. Test conditions were the following: a vacuum of at least 1.3 x 10[exp -6] Pa, 440C steel components, a rotational speed of 10 RPM, a lubricant charge of between 60-75 micrograms, a perfluoropolyalkylether lubricant [Z-25], and a load of 200N [44.6 lbs., a mean Hertzian stress of 1.5 GPa]. Normalized lubricant lifetime was determined by dividing the total number of ball orbits by the amount of lubricant. The failure condition was a friction coefficient of 0.38. Post-test XPS analysis was also performed, showing slight variations in post-cleaning surface chemistry. Statistical analysis of the resultant data was conducted and it was determined that the data sets were most directly comparable when subjected to a natural log transformation. The natural log life [NL-Life] data for each cleaning method were reasonably normally [statistically] distributed and yielded standard deviations that were not significantly different among the five cleaning methods investigated. This made comparison of their NL-Life means very straightforward using a Bonferroni multiple comparison of means procedure. This procedure showed that the ALAS, UV-ozone and CFC 113 methods were not statistically significantly different from one another with respect to mean NL-Life. It also found that the SCF CO2 method yielded a significantly higher mean NL-Life than the mean NL-Lives of the ALAS, UV-ozone and CFC 113 methods. It also determined that the aqueous Brulin 815GD method yielded a mean
6. Modifying optical properties of reduced/graphene oxide with controlled ozone and thermal treatment in aqueous suspensions. PubMed Hasan, Md Tanvir; Senger, Brian J; Mulford, Price; Ryan, Conor; Doan, Hung; Gryczynski, Zygmunt; Naumov, Anton V 2017-02-10 Graphene possesses a number of advantageous properties, however, does not exhibit optical emission, which limits its use in optoelectronics. Unlike graphene, its functional derivative, graphene oxide [GO] exhibits fluorescence emission throughout the visible. Here, we focus on controlled methods for tuning the optical properties of GO. We introduce ozone treatment of reduced graphene oxide [RGO] in order to controllably transform it from non-emissive graphene-like material into GO with a specific fluorescence emission response. Solution-based treatment of RGO for 5-45 min with ∼1.2 g l -1 ozone/oxygen gas mixture yields a drastic color change, bleaching of the absorption in the visible and the stepwise increase in fluorescence intensity and lifetime. This is attributed to the introduction of oxygen-containing functional groups to RGO graphitic platform as detected by the infrared spectroscopy. A reverse process: controllable quenching of this fluorescence is achieved by the thermal treatment of GO in aqueous suspension up to 90 °C. This methodology allows for the wide range alteration of GO optical properties starting from the dark-colored non-emissive RGO material up to nearly transparent highly ozone-oxidized GO showing substantial fluorescence emission. The size of the GO flakes is concomitantly altered by oxidation-induced scission. Semi-empirical PM3 theoretical calculations on HyperChem models are utilized to explore the origins of optical response from GO. Two models are considered, attributing the induced emission either to the localized states produced by oxygen-containing addends or the islands of graphitic carbon enclosed by such addends. Band gap values calculated from the models are in the agreement with experimentally observed transition peak maxima. The controllable variation of GO optical properties in aqueous suspension by ozone and thermal treatments shown in this work provides a route to tune its optical response for particular optoelectronics
7. Modifying optical properties of reduced/graphene oxide with controlled ozone and thermal treatment in aqueous suspensions NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Tanvir Hasan, Md; Senger, Brian J.; Mulford, Price; Ryan, Conor; Doan, Hung; Gryczynski, Zygmunt; Naumov, Anton V. 2017-02-01 Graphene possesses a number of advantageous properties, however, does not exhibit optical emission, which limits its use in optoelectronics. Unlike graphene, its functional derivative, graphene oxide [GO] exhibits fluorescence emission throughout the visible. Here, we focus on controlled methods for tuning the optical properties of GO. We introduce ozone treatment of reduced graphene oxide [RGO] in order to controllably transform it from non-emissive graphene-like material into GO with a specific fluorescence emission response. Solution-based treatment of RGO for 5-45 min with ˜1.2 g l-1 ozone/oxygen gas mixture yields a drastic color change, bleaching of the absorption in the visible and the stepwise increase in fluorescence intensity and lifetime. This is attributed to the introduction of oxygen-containing functional groups to RGO graphitic platform as detected by the infrared spectroscopy. A reverse process: controllable quenching of this fluorescence is achieved by the thermal treatment of GO in aqueous suspension up to 90 °C. This methodology allows for the wide range alteration of GO optical properties starting from the dark-colored non-emissive RGO material up to nearly transparent highly ozone-oxidized GO showing substantial fluorescence emission. The size of the GO flakes is concomitantly altered by oxidation-induced scission. Semi-empirical PM3 theoretical calculations on HyperChem models are utilized to explore the origins of optical response from GO. Two models are considered, attributing the induced emission either to the localized states produced by oxygen-containing addends or the islands of graphitic carbon enclosed by such addends. Band gap values calculated from the models are in the agreement with experimentally observed transition peak maxima. The controllable variation of GO optical properties in aqueous suspension by ozone and thermal treatments shown in this work provides a route to tune its optical response for particular optoelectronics
8. Application of Fe[II]/peroxymonosulfate for improving ultrafiltration membrane performance in surface water treatment: Comparison with coagulation and ozonation. PubMed Cheng, Xiaoxiang; Liang, Heng; Ding, An; Zhu, Xuewu; Tang, Xiaobin; Gan, Zhendong; Xing, Jiajian; Wu, Daoji; Li, Guibai 2017-11-01 Coagulation and ozonation have been widely used as pretreatments for ultrafiltration [UF] membrane in drinking water treatment. While beneficial, coagulation or ozonation alone is unable to both efficiently control membrane fouling and product water quality in many cases. Thus, in this study an emerging alternative of ferrous iron/peroxymonosulfate [Fe[II]/PMS], which can act as both an oxidant and a coagulant was employed prior to UF for treatment of natural surface water, and compared with conventional coagulation and ozonation. The results showed that the Fe[II]/PMS-UF system exhibited the best performance for dissolved organic carbon removal, likely due to the dual functions of coagulation and oxidation in the single process. The fluorescent and UV-absorbing organic components were more susceptible to ozonation than Fe[II]/PMS treatment. Fe[II]/PMS and ozonation pretreatments significantly increased the removal efficiency of atrazine, p-chloronitrobenzene and sulfamethazine by 12-76% and 50-94%, respectively, whereas coagulation exerted a minor influence. The Fe[II]/PMS pretreatment also showed the best performance for the reduction of both reversible and irreversible membrane fouling, and the performance was hardly affected by membrane pore size and surface hydrophobicity. In addition, the characterization of hydraulic irreversible organic foulants confirmed its effectiveness. These results demonstrate the potential advantages of applying Fe[II]/PMS as a pretreatment for UF to simultaneously control membrane fouling and improve the permeate quality. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
9. Effects of a modular two-step ozone-water and annealing process on silicon carbide graphene DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Webb, Matthew J., E-mail: matthew.webb@cantab.net; Lundstedt, Anna; Grennberg, Helena By combining ozone and water, the effect of exposing epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide to an aggressive wet-chemical process has been evaluated after high temperature annealing in ultra high vacuum. The decomposition of ozone in water produces a number of oxidizing species, however, despite long exposure times to the aqueous-ozone environment, no graphene oxide was observed after the two-step process. The systems were comprehensively characterized before and after processing using Raman spectroscopy, core level photoemission spectroscopy, and angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy together with low energy electron diffraction, low energy electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. In spite of the chemicalmore » potential of the aqueous-ozone reaction environment, the graphene domains were largely unaffected raising the prospect of employing such simple chemical and annealing protocols to clean or prepare epitaxial graphene surfaces.« less
10. Violet and blue light-induced green fluorescence emissions from dental caries. PubMed Shakibaie, F; Walsh, L J 2016-12-01 The objective of this laboratory study was to compare violet and visible blue LED light-elicited green fluorescence emissions from enamel and dentine in healthy or carious states. Microscopic digital photography was undertaken using violet and blue LED illumination [405 nm and 455 nm wavelengths] of tooth surfaces, which were photographed through a custom-made stack of green compensating filters which removed the excitation light and allowed green fluorescence emissions to pass. Green channel pixel data were analysed. Dry sound enamel and sound root surfaces showed strong green fluorescence when excited by violet or blue lights. Regions of cavitated dental caries gave lower green fluorescence, and this was similar whether the dentine in the lesions was the same colour as normal dentine or was darkly coloured. The presence of saliva on the surface did not significantly change the green fluorescence, while the presence of blood diluted in saliva depressed green fluorescence. Using violet or blue illumination in combination with green compensating filters could potentially aid in the assessment of areas of mineral loss. © 2016 Australian Dental Association.
11. Industrial wastewater advanced treatment via catalytic ozonation with an Fe-based catalyst. PubMed Li, Xufang; Chen, Weiyu; Ma, Luming; Wang, Hongwu; Fan, Jinhong 2018-03-01 An Fe-based catalyst was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the ozonation of industrial wastewater, and key operational parameters [pH and catalyst dosage] were studied. The results indicated that the Fe-based catalyst significantly improved the mineralization of organic pollutants in wastewater. TOC [total organic carbon] removal was high, at 78.7%, with a catalyst concentration of 200 g/L, but only 31.6% with ozonation alone. The Fe-based catalyst significantly promoted ozone decomposition by 70% in aqueous solution. Hydroxyl radicals [·OH] were confirmed to be existed directly via EPR [electron paramagnetic resonance] experiments, and ·OH were verified to account for about 34.4% of TOC removal with NaHCO 3 as a radical scavenger. Through characterization by SEM-EDS [field emission scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive spectrometer], XRD [X-ray powder diffraction] and XPS [X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy], it was deduced that FeOOH on the surface of the catalyst was the dominant contributor to the catalytic efficiency. The catalyst was certified as having good stability and excellent reusability based on 50 successive operations and could be used as a filler simultaneously. Thereby, it is a promising catalyst for practical industrial wastewater advanced treatment. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
12. Violet laser diodes as light sources for cytometry. PubMed Shapiro, H M; Perlmutter, N G 2001-06-01 Violet laser diodes have recently become commercially available. These devices emit 5-25 mW in the range of 395-415 nm, and are available in systems that incorporate the diodes with collimating optics and regulated power supplies in housing incorporating thermoelectric coolers, which are necessary to maintain stable output. Such systems now cost several thousand dollars, but are expected to drop substantially in price. Materials and Methods A 4-mW, 397-nm violet diode system was used in a laboratory-built flow cytometer to excite fluorescence of DAPI and Hoechst dyes in permeabilized and intact cells. Forward and orthogonal light scattering were also measured. DNA content histograms with good precision [G[0]/G[1] coefficient of variation 1.7%] were obtained with DAPI staining; precision was lower using Hoechst 33342. Hoechst 34580, with an excitation maximum nearer 400 nm, yielded the highest fluorescence intensity, but appeared to decompose after a short time in solution. Scatter signals exhibited relatively broad distributions. Violet laser diodes are relatively inexpensive, compact, efficient, and quiet light sources for DNA fluorescence measurement using DAPI and Hoechst dyes; they can also excite several other fluorescent probes. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
13. Treatment of Ammonia Nitrogen Wastewater in Low Concentration by Two-Stage Ozonization. PubMed Luo, Xianping; Yan, Qun; Wang, Chunying; Luo, Caigui; Zhou, Nana; Jian, Chensheng 2015-09-23 Ammonia nitrogen wastewater [about 100 mg/L] was treated by two-stage ozone oxidation method. The effects of ozone flow rate and initial pH on ammonia removal were studied, and the mechanism of ammonia nitrogen removal by ozone oxidation was discussed. After the primary stage of ozone oxidation, the ammonia removal efficiency reached 59.32% and pH decreased to 6.63 under conditions of 1 L/min ozone flow rate and initial pH 11. Then, the removal efficiency could be over 85% [the left ammonia concentration was lower than 15 mg/L] after the second stage, which means the wastewater could have met the national discharge standards of China. Besides, the mechanism of ammonia removal by ozone oxidation was proposed by detecting the products of the oxidation: ozone oxidation directly and ·OH oxidation; ammonia was mainly transformed into NO₃[-]-N, less into NO₂[-]-N, not into N₂.
14. Novel wafer stepper with violet LED light source NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Ting, Yung-Chiang; Shy, Shyi-Long 2014-03-01 Novel wafer stepper by using contact or proximity printing will be developed, using violet LED light source to replace Hg Arc. lamp or laser. Mirror, filter and condenser lens for Hg Arc. Lamp or laser and reduction lens for projection printing can be discarded. Reliability and manufacturing cost of wafer stepper can be improved. Exposure result by using IP3600 resist and wafer stepper with violet LED light source [wave-length 360nm to 410 nm] will be obtained. This novel wafer stepper can be used for 3DIC, MEMS and bio-chip lithography application by using thin and thick resist with sub-micron to 100 micron thickness.
15. Effect of gaseous ozone treatments on DON, microbial contaminants and technological parameters of wheat and semolina. PubMed Piemontese, Luca; Messia, Maria Cristina; Marconi, Emanuele; Falasca, Luisa; Zivoli, Rosanna; Gambacorta, Lucia; Perrone, Giancarlo; Solfrizzo, Michele 2018-04-01 Deoxynivalenol [DON] is an important mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium. It occurs often in wheat grain and is frequently associated with significant levels of its modified form DON-3-glucoside [DON-3-Glc]. Ozone [O 3 ] is a powerful disinfectant and oxidant, classified as GRAS [Generally Recognised As Safe], that reacts easily with specific compounds including the mycotoxins aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes and zearalenone. It degrades DON in aqueous solution and can be effective for decontamination of grain. This study reports the efficacy of gaseous ozone treatments in reducing DON, DON-3-Glc, bacteria, fungi and yeasts in naturally contaminated durum wheat. A prototype was used to dispense ozone continuously and homogeneously at different concentrations and exposure time, in 2 kg aliquots of durum wheat. The optimal conditions, which do not affect chemical and rheological parameters of durum wheat, semolina and pasta, were identified [55 g O 3 h -1 for 6 h]. The measured mean reductions of DON and DON-3-Glc in ozonated wheat were 29% and 44%, respectively. Ozonation also produced a significant [p < 0.05] reduction of total count [CFU/g] of bacteria, fungi and yeasts in wheat grains.
16. Effects of cadmium concentration on ozone-induced phytotoxicity in cress DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Czuba, M.; Ormrod, D.P. 1974-01-01 Cadmium solutions at concentrations of 0, 10, 40, 100, 500 or 1000 ppm were applied to the soil around cress [Lepidium sativum L. cv. Fine Curled] every 4th day for several weeks. Four week old plants were fumigated once at ozone levels of 0, 5, 10, 20, 25 or 30-35 pphm for 6 hours. Plants that had received higher concentrations of cadmium showed markedly increased sensitivity to ozone in terms of visible leaf damage after ozone treatment. Plants receiving cadmium solution alone or those receiving ozone treatment alone either did not show leaf damage or as much leaf damage asmore » plants which had received both treatments. Mineral analyses of plant tissues showed the relationship between tissue content of both essential and toxic cations and the sensitivity of the plant to various ozone levels. Pigment analyses showed changes in chlorophyll amounts and ratios between treatments. Statistical analyses of data for morphological parameters showed that there is an interaction between Cd and ozone treatments over a range of concentrations.« less
17. Synthesis of Co3O4 nanosheets via electrodeposition followed by ozone treatment and their application to high-performance supercapacitors NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Kung, Chung-Wei; Chen, Hsin-Wei; Lin, Chia-Yu; Vittal, R.; Ho, Kuo-Chuan 2012-09-01 A thin film of Co3O4 nanosheets is electrodeposited on a flexible Ti substrate by a one-step potentiostatic method, followed by an UV-ozone treatment for 30 min. The films before and after the UV-ozone treatment are characterized with X-ray diffraction [XRD] and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [XPS]. The film is composed of Co[OH]2 before UV-ozone treatment, and of Co3O4 after the treatment. The morphologies of both films are examined by scanning electron microscopy [SEM] and transmission electron microscope [TEM]. The obtained films are composed of nanosheets, and there is no change in their sheet-like morphology before and after the UV-ozone treatment. When applied for a supercapacitor, the Co3O4 modified Ti electrode [Co3O4/Ti] shows a far higher capacitance than that of the Co[OH]2 modified Ti electrode. The electrodeposition time and NaOH concentration in the electrolyte are optimized. A remarkably high specific capacitance of 1033.3 F g-1 is obtained for the Co3O4 thin film at a charge-discharge current density of 2.5 A g-1. The long-term stability data shows that there is still 77% of specific capacitance remaining after 3000 repeated charge-discharge cycles. The high specific capacitance and long-term stability suggest the potential use of Co3O4/Ti for making a flexible supercapacitor.
18. Treatment of Ammonia Nitrogen Wastewater in Low Concentration by Two-Stage Ozonization PubMed Central Luo, Xianping; Yan, Qun; Wang, Chunying; Luo, Caigui; Zhou, Nana; Jian, Chensheng 2015-01-01 Ammonia nitrogen wastewater [about 100 mg/L] was treated by two-stage ozone oxidation method. The effects of ozone flow rate and initial pH on ammonia removal were studied, and the mechanism of ammonia nitrogen removal by ozone oxidation was discussed. After the primary stage of ozone oxidation, the ammonia removal efficiency reached 59.32% and pH decreased to 6.63 under conditions of 1 L/min ozone flow rate and initial pH 11. Then, the removal efficiency could be over 85% [the left ammonia concentration was lower than 15 mg/L] after the second stage, which means the wastewater could have met the national discharge standards of China. Besides, the mechanism of ammonia removal by ozone oxidation was proposed by detecting the products of the oxidation: ozone oxidation directly and ·OH oxidation; ammonia was mainly transformed into NO3−-N, less into NO2−-N, not into N2. PMID:26404353
19. Impact of ozonation and biological activated carbon filtration on ceramic membrane fouling. PubMed Ibn Abdul Hamid, Khaled; Sanciolo, Peter; Gray, Stephen; Duke, Mikel; Muthukumaran, Shobha 2017-12-01 Ozone pre-treatment [ozonation, ozonisation] and biological activated carbon [BAC] filtration pre-treatment for the ceramic microfiltration [CMF] treatment of secondary effluent [SE] were studied. Ozone pre-treatment was found to result in higher overall removal of UV absorbance [UVA 254 ] and colour, and higher permeability than BAC pre-treatment or the combined use of ozone and BAC [O3+BAC] pre-treatment. The overall removal of colour and UVA 254 by ceramic filtration of the ozone pre-treated water was 97% and 63% respectively, compared to 86% and 48% respectively for BAC pre-treatment and 29% and 6% respectively for the untreated water. Ozone pre-treatment, however, was not effective in removal of dissolved organic carbon [DOC]. The permeability of the ozone pre-treated water through the ceramic membrane was found to decrease to 50% of the original value after 200 min of operation, compared to approximately 10% of the original value for the BAC pre-treated, O3+BAC pre-treated water and the untreated water. The higher permeability of the ozone pre-treated water was attributed to the excellent removal of biopolymer particles [100%] and high removal of humic substances [84%]. The inclusion of a BAC stage between ozone pre-treatment and ceramic filtration was detrimental. The O3+BAC+CMF process was found to yield higher biopolymer removal [96%], lower humic substance [HS] component removal [66%] and lower normalized permeability [0.1] after 200 min of operation than the O3+CMF process [86%, 84% and 0.5 respectively]. This was tentatively attributed to the chemical oxidation effect of ozone on the BAC biofilm and adsorbed components, leading to the generation of foulants that are not generated in the O3+CMF process. This study demonstrated the potential of ozone pre-treatment for reducing organic fouling and thus improving flux for the CMF of SE compared to O3+BAC pre-treatment. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
20. Method for fabricating an ultra-low expansion mask blank having a crystalline silicon layer DOEpatents Cardinale, Gregory F. 2002-01-01 A method for fabricating masks for extreme ultraviolet lithography [EUVL] using Ultra-Low Expansion [ULE] substrates and crystalline silicon. ULE substrates are required for the necessary thermal management in EUVL mask blanks, and defect detection and classification have been obtained using crystalline silicon substrate materials. Thus, this method provides the advantages for both the ULE substrate and the crystalline silicon in an Extreme Ultra-Violet [EUV] mask blank. The method is carried out by bonding a crystalline silicon wafer or member to a ULE wafer or substrate and thinning the silicon to produce a 5-10 .mu.m thick crystalline silicon layer on the surface of the ULE substrate. The thinning of the crystalline silicon may be carried out, for example, by chemical mechanical polishing and if necessary or desired, oxidizing the silicon followed by etching to the desired thickness of the silicon.

1. The role of ozone pretreatment on optimization of membrane bioreactor for treatment of oil sands process-affected water. PubMed Zhang, Yanyan; Xue, Jinkai; Liu, Yang; Gamal El-Din, Mohamed 2018-04-05 Previously, anoxic-aerobic membrane bioreactor [MBR] coupled with mild ozonation pretreatment has been applied to remove toxic naphthenic acids [NAs] in oil sands process-affected water [OSPW]. To further improve MBR performance, the optimal operation conditions including hydraulic retention time [HRT] and initial ammonia nitrogen [NH 4 + -N] need to be explored. In this study, the role of ozone pretreatment on MBR optimization was investigated. Compared with MBR treating raw OSPW, MBR treating ozonated OSPW had the same optimal operation conditions [HRT of 12 h and NH 4 + -N concentration of 25 mg/L]. Nevertheless, MBR performance benefited from HRT adjustment more after ozone pretreatment. HRT adjustment resulted in NA removal in the range of 33-50% for the treatment of ozonated OSPW whereas NA removal for raw OSPW only fluctuated between 27% and 38%. Compared with the removal of classical NAs, the degradation of oxidized NAs was more sensitive to the adjustment of operation conditions. Adjusting HRT increased the removal of oxidized NAs in ozonated OSPW substantially [from 6% to 35%]. It was also noticed that microbial communities in MBR treating ozonated OSPW were more responsive to the adjustment of operation conditions as indicated by the noticeable increase of Shannon index and extended genetic distances. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2. [Ru/AC catalyzed ozonation of recalcitrant organic compounds]. PubMed Wang, Jian-Bing; Hou, Shao-Pei; Zhou, Yun-Rui; Zhu, Wan-Peng; He, Xu-Wen 2009-09-15 Ozonation and Ru/AC catalyzed ozonation of dimethyl phthalate [DMP], phenols and disinfection by-products precursors were studied. It shows that Ru/AC catalyst can obviously enhance the mineralization of organic compounds. In the degradation of DMP, TOC removal was 28.84% by ozonation alone while it was 66.13% by catalytic ozonation. In the oxidation of 23 kinds of phenols, TOC removals were 9.57%-56.08% by ozonation alone while they were 41.81%-82.32% by catalytic ozonation. Compared to ozonation alone, Ru/AC catalyzed ozonation was more effective for the reduction of disinfection by-products formation potentials in source water. The reduction of haloacetic acids formation potentials was more obvious than thichlomethane formation potentials. After the treatment by catalytic ozonation, the haloacetic acids formation potentials decreased from 144.02 microg/L to 58.50 microg/L, which was below the standard value of EPA. However ozonation alone could not make it reach the standard. The treatments of source water by BAC, O3 + BAC, O3/AC + BAC and Ru/AC + O3 + BAC were also studied. In the four processes, TOC removal was 3.80%, 20.14%, 27.45% and 48.30% respectively, COD removal was 4.37%, 27.22%, 39.91% and 50.00% respectively, UV254 removal was 8.16%, 62.24%, 67.03% and 84.95% respectively. Ru/AC + O3 + BAC process is more effective than the other processes for the removal of TOC, COD and UV254 and no ruthenium leaching observed in the solution. It is a promising process for the treatment of micro polluted source water.
3. Oxidation kinetics of crystal violet by potassium permanganate in acidic medium NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Khan, Sameera Razi; Ashfaq, Maria; Mubashir; Masood, Summyia 2016-05-01 The oxidation kinetics of crystal violet [a triphenylmethane dye] by potassium permanganate was focused in an acidic medium by the spectrophotometric method at 584 nm. The oxidation reaction of crystal violet by potassium permanganate is carried out in an acidic medium at different temperatures ranging within 298-318 K. The kinetic study was carried out to investigate the effect of the concentration, ionic strength and temperature. The reaction followed first order kinetics with respect to potassium permanganate and crystal violet and the overall rate of the reaction was found to be second order. Thermodynamic activation parameters like the activation energy [ E a], enthalpy change [Δ H*], free energy change [Δ G*], and entropy change [Δ S*] have also been evaluated.
4. Effects of ozone therapy on facial nerve regeneration. PubMed Ozbay, Isa; Ital, Ilker; Kucur, Cuneyt; Akcılar, Raziye; Deger, Aysenur; Aktas, Savas; Oghan, Fatih Ozone may promote moderate oxidative stress, which increases antioxidant endogenous systems. There are a number of antioxidants that have been investigated therapeutically for improving peripheral nerve regeneration. However, no previous studies have reported the effect of ozone therapy on facial nerve regeneration. We aimed to evaluate the effect of ozone therapy on facial nerve regeneration. Fourteen Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two groups with experimental nerve crush injuries: a control group, which received saline treatment post-crush, and an experimental group, which received ozone treatment. All animals underwent surgery in which the left facial nerve was exposed and crushed. Treatment with saline or ozone began on the day of the nerve crush. Left facial nerve stimulation thresholds were measured before crush, immediately after crush, and after 30 days. After measuring nerve stimulation thresholds at 30 days post-injury, the crushed facial nerve was excised. All specimens were studied using light and electron microscopy. Post-crushing, the ozone-treated group had lower stimulation thresholds than the saline group. Although this did not achieve statistical significance, it is indicative of greater functional improvement in the ozone group. Significant differences were found in vascular congestion, macrovacuolization, and myelin thickness between the ozone and control groups. Significant differences were also found in axonal degeneration and myelin ultrastructure between the two groups. We found that ozone therapy exerted beneficial effect on the regeneration of crushed facial nerves in rats. Copyright © 2016 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.
5. Controlling Nitrosamines, Nitramines, and Amines in Amine-Based CO₂ Capture Systems with Continuous Ultraviolet and Ozone Treatment of Washwater. PubMed Dai, Ning; Mitch, William A 2015-07-21 Formation of nitrosamines and nitramines from reactions between flue gas NOx and the amines used in CO2 capture units has arisen as a significant concern. Washwater scrubbers can capture nitrosamines and nitramines. They can also capture amines, preventing formation of nitrosamines and nitramines downwind by amine reactions with ambient NOx. The continuous application of UV alone, or a combination of UV and ozone to the return line of a washwater treatment unit was evaluated to control the accumulation of nitrosamines, nitramines and amines in a laboratory-scale washwater unit. With model secondary amine solvents ranging from nonvolatile diethanolamine to volatile morpholine, application of 272-537 mJ/cm[2] UV incident fluence alone reduced the accumulation of nitrosamines and nitramines by approximately an order of magnitude. Modeling indicated that the gains achieved by UV treatment should increase over time, because UV treatment converts the time dependence of nitrosamine accumulation from a quadratic to a linear function. Ozone [21 mg/L] maintained low steady-state concentrations of amines in the washwater. While modeling indicated that more than 80% of nitrosamine accumulation in the washwater was associated with reaction of washwater amines with residual NOx, a reduction in nitrosamine accumulation rates due to ozone oxidation of amines was not fully realized because the ozonation products of amines reduced nitrosamine photolysis rates by competing for photons.
6. Evaluation of Fenton and ozone-based advanced oxidation processes as mature landfill leachate pre-treatments. PubMed Cortez, Susana; Teixeira, Pilar; Oliveira, Rosário; Mota, Manuel 2011-03-01 Fenton treatment [Fe[2+]/H[2]O[2]] and different ozone-based Advanced Oxidation Processes [AOPs] [O[3], O[3]/OH[-] and O[3]/H[2]O[2]] were evaluated as pre-treatment of a mature landfill leachate, in order to improve the biodegradability of its recalcitrant organic matter for subsequent biological treatment. With a two-fold diluted leachate, at optimised experimental conditions [initial pH 3, H[2]O[2] to Fe[2+] molar ratio of 3, Fe[2+] dosage of 4 mmol L[-1], and reaction time of 40 min] Fenton treatment removed about 46% of chemical oxygen demand [COD] and increased the five-day biochemical oxygen demand [BOD[5]] to COD ratio [BOD[5]/COD] from 0.01 to 0.15. The highest removal efficiency and biodegradability was achieved by ozone at higher pH values, solely or combined with H[2]O[2]. These results confirm the enhanced production of hydroxyl radical under such conditions. After the application for 60 min of ozone at 5.6 g O[3]h[-1], initial pH 7, and 400 mg L[-1] of hydrogen peroxide, COD removal efficiency was 72% and BOD[5]/COD increased from 0.01 to 0.24. An estimation of the operating costs of the AOPs processes investigated revealed that Fe[2+]/H[2]O[2] was the most economical system [8.2 € m[-3]g[-1] of COD removed] to treat the landfill leachate. This economic study, however, should be treated with caution since it does not consider the initial investment, prices at plant scale, maintenance and labour costs. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
7. Impact of Enhanced Ozone Deposition and Halogen Chemistry on Tropospheric Ozone over the Northern Hemisphere. PubMed Sarwar, Golam; Gantt, Brett; Schwede, Donna; Foley, Kristen; Mathur, Rohit; Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso 2015-08-04 Fate of ozone in marine environments has been receiving increased attention due to the tightening of ambient air quality standards. The role of deposition and halogen chemistry is examined through incorporation of an enhanced ozone deposition algorithm and inclusion of halogen chemistry in a comprehensive atmospheric modeling system. The enhanced ozone deposition treatment accounts for the interaction of iodide in seawater with ozone and increases deposition velocities by 1 order of magnitude. Halogen chemistry includes detailed chemical reactions of organic and inorganic bromine and iodine species. Two different simulations are completed with the halogen chemistry: without and with photochemical reactions of higher iodine oxides. Enhanced deposition reduces mean summer-time surface ozone by ∼3% over marine regions in the Northern Hemisphere. Halogen chemistry without the photochemical reactions of higher iodine oxides reduces surface ozone by ∼15% whereas simulations with the photochemical reactions of higher iodine oxides indicate ozone reductions of ∼48%. The model without these processes overpredicts ozone compared to observations whereas the inclusion of these processes improves predictions. The inclusion of photochemical reactions for higher iodine oxides leads to ozone predictions that are lower than observations, underscoring the need for further refinement of the halogen emissions and chemistry scheme in the model.
8. The impact of ozonated water treatment on growth rate of ‘Srikandi’ tilapia [Oreoshromis Aureus X Niloticus] NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Putro, Sapto; Adityarini, Devi; Chiang, R. T. 2018-05-01 The impact of ozonized water treatment on ‘Srikandi’ tilapia was assessed using ozone reactor with an airflow velocity of 1.5 L / min at a voltage of 10 kV, which leads to that the dissolved oxygen [DO] content increases from 0.99 to 11.11 mg / L. The ozonized water treatment was divided into five groups based on the length of treatment period: 5 minutes as group I, 10 minutes as group II, 15 minutes as group III, 20 minutes as group IV and 0 minute [Reference case]. The fish growth rate was measured in terms of length and weight per seven days for 30 days. The result indicated that the fastest growth rate of ‘Srikandi’ tilapia occured at the group III [length growth: 7.82 cm; weight growth: 7.72 g in 30 days]. The fastest Specific Growth Rate [SGR] of the fish occured at the group II [1.281%], and the fastest Relative Growth Rate [RGR] of the fish occurs at the group III [4.538%]. The oxygen content, temperature, salinity to match the growth of Tilapia ‘Srikandi’ are vital elements in Tilapia farming management. These results are considered to be useful to increase the production rate of ‘Srikandi’ tilapia farming.
9. Efficiency of combined process of ozone and bio-filtration in the treatment of secondary effluent. PubMed Tripathi, Smriti; Tripathi, B D 2011-07-01 The present work was aimed at studying the efficiency of the combined process of biofiltration with ozonation to improve the quality of secondary effluent. The secondary effluent from the Dinapur Sewage Treatment Plant Varanasi, India was used in this work. The process of biofiltration with the plant species of Eichornia crassipes and Lemna minor, at a flow rate of 262 ml min[-1] and plant density of 30 mg L[-1] for 48 h, in combination with the process of ozonation with ozone dose of 10 mg L[-1] and contact time of 5 min was applied. Results revealed that combined process was statistically most suitable for the highest degradation of physico-chemical and microbial parameters with improving BDOC value. The biofiltration process is able to remove highest percentage of toxic heavy metals from the secondary effluent without production of toxicity. This technique is highly recommendable for tropical wastewater where sewage is mixed with industrial effluents. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
10. Ozone therapy in dentistry. A brief review for physicians. PubMed Domb, William C 2014-10-31 The 21[st] century dental practice is quite dynamic. New treatment protocols and new materials are being developed at a rapid pace. Ozone dental therapy falls into the category of new treatment protocols in dentistry, yet ozone is not new at all. Ozone therapy is already a major treatment modality in Europe, South America and a number of other countries. What is provided here will not be an exhaustive scientific treatise so much as a brief general introduction into what dentists are now doing with ozone therapies and the numerous oral/systemic links that make this subject so important for physicians so that, ultimately, they may serve their patients more effectively and productively.
11. Ozonation of Canadian Athabasca asphaltene NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Cha, Zhixiong Application of ozonation in the petrochemical industry for heavy hydrocarbon upgrading has not been sufficiently explored. Among heavy hydrocarbons, asphaltenes are the heaviest and the most difficult fractions for analysis and treatment. Therefore, ozonation of asphaltenes presents an interesting application in the petrochemical industry. Commercial application of ozonation in the petrochemical industry has three obstacles: availability of an ozone-resistant and environmentally friendly solvent, the precipitation of ozonation intermediates during reaction, and recovery of the solvent and separation of the ozonation products. Preliminary ozonation of Athabasca oil sands asphaltene in nonparticipating solvents encountered serious precipitation of the ozonation intermediates. The precipitated intermediates could be polymeric ozonides and intermolecular ozonides or polymeric peroxides. Because the inhomogeneous reaction medium caused low ozone efficiency, various participating solvents such as methanol and acetic acid were added to form more soluble hydroperoxides. The mass balance results showed that on average, one asphaltene molecule reacted with 12 ozone molecules through the electrophilic reaction and the subsequent decomposition of ozonation intermediates generated acetone extractable products. GC/MS analysis of these compounds indicated that the free radical reactions could be important for generation of volatile products. The extensively ozonated asphaltene in the presence of participating solvents were refluxed with methanol to generate more volatile products. GC/MS analysis of the methanol-esterified ozonation products indicated that most volatile products were aliphatic carboxylic acid esters generated through cleavage of substituents. Reaction kinetics study showed that asphaltene ozonation was initially a diffusion rate-controlled reaction and later developed to a chemical reaction rate-controlled reaction after depletion of the reactive aromatic sites
12. Removal and toxicity reduction of naphthenic acids by ozonation and combined ozonation-aerobic biodegradation. PubMed Vaiopoulou, Eleni; Misiti, Teresa M; Pavlostathis, Spyros G 2015-03-01 A commercial naphthenic acids [NAs] mixture [TCI Chemicals] and five model NA compounds were ozonated in a semibatch mode. Ozonation of 25 and 35 mg/L NA mixture followed pseudo first-order kinetics [k[obs]=0.11±0.008 min[-1]; r[2]=0.989] with a residual NAs concentration of about 5 mg/L. Ozone reacted preferentially with NAs of higher cyclicity and molecular weight and decreased both cyclicity and the acute Microtox® toxicity by 3.3-fold. The ozone reactivity with acyclic and monocyclic model NAs varied and depended on other structural features, such as branching and the presence of tertiary or quaternary carbons. Batch aerobic degradation of unozonated NA mixture using a NA-enriched culture resulted in 83% NA removal and a 6.7-fold decrease in toxicity, whereas a combination of ozonation-biodegradation resulted in 89% NA removal and a 15-fold decrease in toxicity. Thus, ozonation of NA-bearing waste streams coupled with biodegradation are effective treatment processes. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
13. [Curative effect of ozone hydrotherapy for pemphigus]. PubMed Jiang, Fuqiong; Deng, Danqi; Li, Xiaolan; Wang, Wenfang; Xie, Hong; Wu, Yongzhuo; Luan, Chunyan; Yang, Binbin 2018-02-28 To determine clinical curative effects of ozone therapy for pemphigus vulgaris. Methods: Ozone hydrotherapy was used as an aid treatment for 32 patients with pemphigus vulgaris. The hydropathic compression of potassium permanganate solution for 34 patients with pemphigus vulgaris served as a control. The main treatment for both groups were glucocorticoids and immune inhibitors. The lesions of patients, bacterial infection, usage of antibiotics, patient's satisfaction, and clinical curative effect were evaluated in the 2 groups. Results: There was no significant difference in the curative effect and the average length of staying at hospital between the 2 groups [P>0.05]. But rate for the usage of antibiotics was significantly reduced in the group of ozone hydrotherapy [P=0.039]. The patients were more satisfied in using ozone hydrotherapy than the potassium permanganate solution after 7-day therapy [P>0.05]. Conclusion: Ozone hydrotherapy is a safe and effective aid method for pemphigus vulgaris. It can reduce the usage of antibiotics.
14. Magnetic solid-phase extraction for determination of the total malachite green, gentian violet and leucomalachite green, leucogentian violet in aquaculture water by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. PubMed Zhao, Jiao; Wei, Daqiao; Yang, Yaling 2016-06-01 In this study, magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube nanoparticles were synthesized and used as the adsorbent for the sums of malachite green, gentian violet and leucomalachite green, leucogentian violet in aquaculture water samples followed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. This method was based on in situ reduction of chromic malachite green, gentian violet to colorless leucomalachite green, leucogentian violet with potassium borohydride, respectively. The obtained adsorbent combines the advantages of carbon nanotubes and Fe3 O4 nanoparticles in one material for separation and preconcentration of the reductive dyes in aqueous media. The structure and properties of the prepared nanoparticles were characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The main parameters affecting the adsorption recoveries were investigated and optimized, including reducing agent concentration, type and amount of sorbent, sample pH, and eluting conditions. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection in this method were 0.22 and 0.09 ng/mL for malachite green and gentian violet, respectively. Product recoveries ranged from 87.0 to 92.8% with relative standard deviations from 4.6 to 5.9%. The results indicate that the sorbent is a suitable material for the removal and concentration of triphenylmethane dyes from polluted environmental samples. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
15. [Phospholipids under combined ozone-oxygen administration]. PubMed Müller-Tyl, E; Hernuss, P; Salzer, H; Reisinger, L; Washüttl, J; Wurst, F 1975-01-01 The parenterally application of oxygen-ozone gas mixture gives good resultats in the treatment of various deseases. Ozone seems to influence the metabolic process of fat, so it was of interest to analyse this influence especially to phospholipids. 40 women with gynaecological cancer got 10 ml oxygen-ozone gas mixture with a content of 450 gamma ozone into the cubital vene. Venous blood was removed before and 10 minutes after application and the level of lecithin, lysolecithin, cephalin and spingomyelin was determined by the method of Randerath. A decrease of all four substances was obvious, although all values remained in normal range.
16. Ozone fumigation for safety and quality of wine grapes in postharvest dehydration. PubMed Botondi, Rinaldo; De Sanctis, Federica; Moscatelli, Niccolò; Vettraino, Anna Maria; Catelli, Cesare; Mencarelli, Fabio 2015-12-01 This paper proposes postharvest ozone fumigation [as a method] to control microorganisms and evaluate the effect on polyphenols, anthocyanins, carotenoids and cell wall enzymes during the grape dehydration for wine production. Pignola grapes were ozone-treated [1.5 g/h] for 18 h [A=shock treatment], then dehydrated or ozone-treated [1.5 g/h] for 18 h and at 0.5 g/h for 4 h each day [B=long-term treatment] during dehydration. Treatment and dehydration were performed at 10 °C. No significant difference was found for total carotenoid, total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents after 18 h of O3 treatment. A significant decrease in phenolic and anthocyanin contents occurred during treatment B. Also carotenoids were affected by B ozone treatment. Pectin methylesterase [PME] and polygalacturonase [PG] activities were higher in A-treated grapes during dehydration. Finally, ozone reduced fungi and yeasts by 50%. Shock ozone fumigation [A treatment] before dehydration can be used to reduce the microbial count during dehydration without affecting polyphenol and carotenoid contents. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
17. Influence of environmental factors on removal of oxides of nitrogen by a photocatalytic coating. PubMed Cros, Clement J; Terpeluk, Alexandra L; Crain, Neil E; Juenger, Maria C G; Corsi, Richard L 2015-08-01 Nitrogen oxides [NOx] emitted from combustion processes have elevated concentrations in large urban areas. They cause a range of adverse health effects, acid rain, and are precursors to formation of other atmospheric pollutants, such as ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and inorganic aerosols. Photocatalytic materials containing a semi-conductor that can be activated by sunlight, such as titanium dioxide, have been studied for their ability to remove NOx. The study presented herein aims to elucidate the environmental parameters that most influence the NOx removal efficiency of photocatalytic coatings in hot and humid climate conditions. Concrete samples coated with a commercially available photocatalytic coating [a stucco] and an uncoated sample have been tested in a reactor simulating reasonable summertime outdoor sunlight, relative humidity and temperature conditions in southeast Texas. Two-level full factorial experiments were completed on each sample for five parameters. It was found that contact time, relative humidity and temperature significantly influenced both NO and NO₂removal. Elevated concentrations of organic pollutants reduced NO removal by the coating. Ultra-violet light intensity did not significantly influence removal of NO or NO₂, however, ultra-violet light intensity was involved in a two-factor interaction that significantly influenced removal of both NO and NO₂.
18. 75 FR 25209 - Carbazole Violet Pigment 23 from India: Rescission of Administrative Review Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-05-07 ... from India: Rescission of Administrative Review AGENCY: Import Administration, International Trade... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on carbazole violet pigment 23 [CVP 23] from India for the...-circumstances review. See Carbazole Violet Pigment 23 from India: Initiation of Antidumping Duty Changed...
19. Ozone-augmented percutaneous discectomy: a novel treatment option for refractory discogenic sciatica. PubMed Crockett, M T; Moynagh, M; Long, N; Kilcoyne, A; Dicker, P; Synnott, K; Eustace, S J 2014-12-01 To assess the short and medium-term efficacy and safety of a novel, minimally invasive therapeutic option combining automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy, intradiscal ozone injection, and caudal epidural: ozone-augmented percutaneous discectomy [OPLD]. One hundred and forty-seven patients with a clinical and radiological diagnosis of discogenic sciatica who were refractory to initial therapy were included. Fifty patients underwent OPLD whilst 97 underwent a further caudal epidural. Outcomes were evaluated using McNab's score, improvement in visual analogue score [VAS] pain score, and requirement for further intervention. Follow-up occurred at 1 and 6 months, and comparison was made between groups. OPLD achieved successful outcomes in almost three-quarters of patients in the short and medium term. OPLD achieved superior outcomes at 1 and 6 months compared to caudal epidural. There was a reduced requirement for further intervention in the OPLD group. No significant complications occurred in either group. OPLD is a safe and effective treatment for patients with refractory discogenic sciatica in the short and medium term. OPLD has the potential to offer an alternative second-line minimally invasive treatment option that could reduce the requirement for surgery in this patient cohort. Copyright © 2014 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
20. Potential of Aqueous Ozone to Control Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Brazil Nuts PubMed Central Morales-Valle, Héctor; Venâncio, Armando 2013-01-01 This study aimed to verify the use of aqueous ozone as alternative technology for fungal control. Brazil nuts sterilized were inoculated with either 1 × 106 or 1 × 107 conidia mL−1 of Aspergillus flavus [MUM 9201] to determine optimal treatment parameters and different aqueous ozone contact times. These assays showed that the effect of ozone is almost immediate against A. flavus, and the optimum ozone concentration depended on the number of initial viable spores on the shell. The remaining viable spores in the ozone solution were recorded, and the rate of inactivation for each treatment was determined by assessing the ratio between the cfu of each treatment and the control. The ozonized nuts were also cultured to recover the fungal population. Aqueous ozone was effective in reducing the conidia of A. flavus and the natural fungal population associated with Brazil nuts. Aqueous ozone presented a great potential to reduce microorganisms counts in Brazil nuts with a great potential use in packing houses for decontamination step. PMID:25937982

1. "Ozone" - the new NEMESIS of canker sore. PubMed Dharmavaram, Ayesha Thabusum; Reddy, R Sudhakara; Nallakunta, Rajesh 2015-03-01 Recurrent aphthous ulceration or recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most debilitating and painful oral mucosal disease. This disease entity has no specific cause to occur and no proper laboratory procedures are present to elicit the diagnosis. The treatment options are largely palliative and aimed at reducing symptoms thereby improving patient's oral condition. In the present study the subjects witnessed alleviation of clinical symptoms related to the aphthous ulceration. The aim of the study was to explore the effectiveness of ozonated oil in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcer and to compare with sessame oil in order to analyse the effectiveness between the two topical oil medications. A single-blinded placebo-controlled trial comprising of 30 subjects with recurrent aphthous ulcers were divided into Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3 with 10 subjects in each group was performed. Patients in Group 1 received ozonated oil, Group 2 received sesame oil and Group 3 received placebo. Treatment response was assessed by measures of pain reduction, ulcer duration on 2[nd], 4[th] and 6[th] day. Data were analyzed using Wilcokson signed rank test and Friedman test. Participants treated with ozonated oil showed significant reduction in ulcer size, erythema and also alleviated the ulcer pain on 4[th] day of evaluation when compared to sesame oil and placebo group. On 6[th] day subjects treated with ozonated oil and sesame oil showed significant reduction in ulcer size and erythema. No significant difference was observed in placebo group when compared with other two groups on subsequent 2[nd], 4[th] and 6[th] day of evaluation. Ozonated oil and sessame oil, both showed similar effectiveness in relieving the ulcer pain. Ozone with its wide variety of inherent properties has proven to be choice of treatment in completely relieving the ulcer pain and ulcer size when compared with that of its counter medication [i.e. sesame oil].Therefore the results obtained in the
2. Membrane contactor/separator for an advanced ozone membrane reactor for treatment of recalcitrant organic pollutants in water DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Chan, Wai Kit, E-mail: kekyeung@ust.hk; Joueet, Justine; Heng, Samuel An advanced ozone membrane reactor that synergistically combines membrane distributor for ozone gas, membrane contactor for pollutant adsorption and reaction, and membrane separator for clean water production is described. The membrane reactor represents an order of magnitude improvement over traditional semibatch reactor design and is capable of complete conversion of recalcitrant endocrine disrupting compounds [EDCs] in water at less than three minutes residence time. Coating the membrane contactor with alumina and hydrotalcite [Mg/Al=3] adsorbs and traps the organics in the reaction zone resulting in 30% increase of total organic carbon [TOC] removal. Large surface area coating that diffuses surface chargesmore » from adsorbed polar organic molecules is preferred as it reduces membrane polarization that is detrimental to separation. - Graphical abstract: Advanced ozone membrane reactor synergistically combines membrane distributor for ozone, membrane contactor for sorption and reaction and membrane separator for clean water production to achieve an order of magnitude enhancement in treatment performance compared to traditional ozone reactor. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Novel reactor using membranes for ozone distributor, reaction contactor and water separator. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Designed to achieve an order of magnitude enhancement over traditional reactor. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and hydrotalcite coatings capture and trap pollutants giving additional 30% TOC removal. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer High surface area coating prevents polarization and improves membrane separation and life.« less
3. Ozone therapy as add-on treatment in fibromyalgia management by rectal insufflation: an open-label pilot study. PubMed Hidalgo-Tallón, Javier; Menéndez-Cepero, Silvia; Vilchez, Juan S; Rodríguez-López, Carmen M; Calandre, Elena P 2013-03-01 The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of ozone therapy by rectal insufflation as add-on therapy in fibromyalgia management. Patients with fibromyalgia received 24 sessions of ozone therapy during a 12-week period. At each session, the administered dose of ozone was 8 mg [200 mL of gas, at a concentration of 40 μg/mL]. Ozone sessions were given 5 days a week during the first 2 weeks, twice a week from weeks 3-6, and weekly from weeks 7-12. Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire [FIQ] was the main outcome measure, and was administered at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, and 12. Secondary outcome measures, administered at baseline and at endpoint, were the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Beck Depression Inventory, the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the SF-12, the abbreviated form of the Short Form Health Survey. Emergent adverse reactions to treatment were recorded. FIQ total scores decreased significantly during the study period, with the decrease being observed in the first 4 weeks of the study. Significant improvement was also seen both in depression scores and in the Physical Summary Score of the SF-12. Transient meteorism after ozone therapy sessions was the most frequently reported side-effect. At the dose and number of sessions used in this study, ozone therapy by rectal insufflation seems to be beneficial for physical symptoms and depression of fibromyalgia.
4. Response of giant sequoia canopy foliage to elevated concentrations of atmospheric ozone. PubMed Grulke, N E; Miller, P R; Scioli, D 1996-06-01 We examined the physiological response of foliage in the upper third of the canopy of 125-year-old giant sequoia [Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchholz.] trees to a 61-day exposure to 0.25x, 1x, 2x or 3x ambient ozone concentration. Four branch exposure chambers, one per ozone treatment, were installed on 1-m long secondary branches of each tree at a height of 34 m. No visible symptoms of foliar ozone damage were apparent throughout the 61-day exposure period and none of the ozone treatments affected branch growth. Despite the similarity in ozone concentrations in the branch chambers within a treatment, the trees exhibited different physiological responses to increasing ozone uptake. Differences in diurnal and seasonal patterns of g[s] among the trees led to a 2-fold greater ozone uptake in tree No. 2 compared with trees Nos. 1 and 3. Tree No. 3 had significantly higher CER and g[s] at 0.25x ambient ozone than trees Nos. 1 and 2, and g[s] and CER of tree No. 3 declined with increasing ozone uptake. The y-intercept of the regression for dark respiration versus ozone uptake was significantly lower for tree No. 2 than for trees Nos. 1 and 3. In the 0.25x and 1x ozone treatments, the chlorophyll concentration of current-year foliage of trees Nos. 1 and 2 was significantly higher than that of current-year foliage of tree No. 3. Chlorophyll concentration of current-year foliage on tree No. 1 did not decline with increasing ozone uptake. In all trees, total needle water potential decreased with increasing ozone uptake, but turgor was constant. Although tree No. 2 had the greatest ozone uptake, g[s] was highest and foliar chlorophyll concentration was lowest in tree No. 3 in the 0.25x and 1x ambient atmospheric ozone treatments.
5. Upgrading of an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant by adding a moving bed biofilm reactor as pre-treatment and ozonation followed by biofiltration for enhanced COD reduction: design and operation experience. PubMed Kaindl, Nikolaus 2010-01-01 A paper mill producing 500,000 ton of graphic paper annually has an on-site wastewater treatment plant that treats 7,240,000 m³ of wastewater per year, mechanically first, then biologically and at last by ozonation. Increased paper production capacity led to higher COD load in the mill effluent while production of higher proportions of brighter products gave worse biodegradability. Therefore the biological capacity of the WWTP needed to be increased and extra measures were necessary to enhance the efficiency of COD reduction. The full scale implementation of one MBBR with a volume of 1,230 m³ was accomplished in 2000 followed by another MBBR of 2,475 m³ in 2002. An ozonation step with a capacity of 75 kg O₃/h was added in 2004 to meet higher COD reduction demands during the production of brighter products and thus keeping the given outflow limits. Adding a moving bed biofilm reactor prior to the existing activated sludge step gives: [i] cost advantages when increasing biological capacity as higher COD volume loads of MBBRs allow smaller reactors than usual for activated sludge plants; [ii] a relief of strain from the activated sludge step by biological degradation in the MBBR; [iii] equalizing of peaks in the COD load and toxic effects before affecting the activated sludge step; [iv] a stable volume sludge index below 100 ml/g in combination with an optimization of the activated sludge step allows good sludge separation--an important condition for further treatment with ozone. Ozonation and subsequent bio-filtration pre-treated waste water provide: [i] reduction of hard COD unobtainable by conventional treatment; [ii] controllable COD reduction in a very wide range and therefore elimination of COD-peaks; [iii] reduction of treatment costs by combination of ozonation and subsequent bio-filtration; [iv] decrease of the color in the ozonated wastewater. The MBBR step proved very simple to operate as part of the biological treatment. Excellent control of the COD
6. "OZONE SOURCE APPORTIONMENT IN CMAQ' | Science ... EPA Pesticide Factsheets Ozone source attribution has been used to support various policy purposes including interstate transport [Cross State Air Pollution Rule] by U.S. EPA and ozone nonattainment area designations by State agencies. Common scientific applications include tracking intercontinental transport of ozone and ozone precursors and delineating anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic contribution to ozone in North America. As in the public release due in September 2013, CMAQ’s Integrated Source Apportionment Method [ISAM] attributes PM EC/OC, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, ozone and its precursors NOx and VOC, to sectors/regions of users’ interest. Although the peroxide-to-nitric acid productions ratio has been the most common indicator to distinguish NOx-limited ozone production from VOC-limited one, other indicators are implemented in addition to allowing for an ensemble decision based on a total of 9 available indicator ratios. Moreover, an alternative approach of ozone attribution based on the idea of chemical sensitivity in a linearized system that has formed the basis of chemical treatment in forward DDM/backward adjoint tools has been implemented in CMAQ. This method does not require categorization into either ozone regime. In this study, ISAM will simulate the 2010 North America ozone using all of the above gas-phase attribution methods. The results are to be compared with zero-out difference out of those sectors in the host model runs. In addition, ozone contribution wil
7. Advanced treatment of sodium dithionite wastewater using the combination of coagulation, catalytic ozonation, and SBR. PubMed Zou, Xiao-Ling 2017-10-01 A combined process of coagulation-catalytic ozonation-anaerobic sequencing batch reactor [ASBR]-SBR was developed at lab scale for treating a real sodium dithionite wastewater with an initial chemical oxygen demand [COD] of 21,760-22,450 mg/L. Catalytic ozonation with the prepared cerium oxide [CeO 2 ]/granular activated carbon catalyst significantly enhances wastewater biodegradability and reduces wastewater microtoxicity. The results show that, under the optimum conditions, the removal efficiencies of COD and suspended solids are averagely 99.3% and 95.6%, respectively, and the quality of final effluent can meet the national discharge standard of China. The coagulation and ASBR processes remove a considerable proportion of organic matter, while the SBR plays an important role in post-polish of final effluent. The ecotoxicity of the wastewater is greatly reduced after undergoing the hybrid treatment. This work demonstrates that the hybrid system has the potential to be applied for the advanced treatment of high-strength industrial wastewater.
8. Ultra Violet Waterworks [UVW] Science.gov Websites cheaply disinfect water. It is a uniquely effective device that operates using the equivalent of a 60-Watt - Curriculum Vita Top Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. Their policies may differ
9. Description of the surface water filtration and ozone treatment system at the Northeast Fishery Center USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database A water filtration and ozone disinfection system was installed at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Northeast Fishery Center in Lamar, Pennsylvania to treat a surface water supply that is used to culture sensitive and endangered fish. The treatment system first passes the surface water through dr...
10. Use of ozone in a pilot-scale plant for textile wastewater pre-treatment: physico-chemical efficiency, degradation by-products identification and environmental toxicity of treated wastewater. PubMed Somensi, Cleder A; Simionatto, Edésio L; Bertoli, Sávio L; Wisniewski, Alberto; Radetski, Claudemir M 2010-03-15 In this study, ozonation of raw textile wastewater was conducted in a pilot-scale plant and the efficiency of this treatment was evaluated based on the parameters color removal and soluble organic matter measured as chemical oxygen demand [COD], at two pH values [9.1 and 3.0]. Identification of intermediate and final degradation products of ozone pre-treatment, as well as the evaluation of the final ecotoxicity [Lumistox test] of pre-treated wastewater, was also carried out. After 4h of ozone treatment with wastewater recirculation [flow rate of 0.45 m[3]h[-1]] the average efficiencies for color removal were 67.5% [pH 9.1] and 40.6% [pH 3.0], while COD reduction was 25.5% [pH 9.1] and 18.7% [pH 3.0] for an ozone production capacity of 20 g h[-1]. Furthermore, ozonation enhances the biodegradability of textile wastewater [BOD[5]/COD ratios] by a factor of up to 6.8-fold. A GC-MS analysis of pre-treated textile wastewater showed that some products were present at the end of the pre-treatment time. In spite of this fact, the bacterial luminescence inhibition test [Lumistox test] showed a significant toxicity reduction on comparing the raw and treated textile wastewater. In conclusion, pre-ozonation of textile wastewater is an important step in terms of improving wastewater biodegradability, as well as reducing acute ecotoxicity, which should be removed completely through sequential biological treatment. [c] 2009. Published by Elsevier B.V.
11. Identification of methyl violet 2B as a novel blocker of focal adhesion kinase signaling pathway in cancer cells DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Kim, Hwan; Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control; Kim, Nam Doo 2013-07-26 Highlights: •FAK signaling cascade in cancer cells is profoundly inhibited by methyl violet 2B. •Methyl violet 2B identified by virtual screening is a novel allosteric FAK inhibitor. •Methyl violet 2B possesses extremely high kinase selectivity. •Methyl violet 2B suppresses strongly the proliferation of cancer cells. •Methyl violet 2B inhibits focal adhesion, invasion and migration of cancer cells. -- Abstract: The focal adhesion kinase [FAK] signaling cascade in cancer cells was profoundly inhibited by methyl violet 2B identified with the structure-based virtual screening. Methyl violet 2B was shown to be a non-competitive inhibitor of full-length FAK enzyme vs. ATP. It turnedmore » out that methyl violet 2B possesses extremely high kinase selectivity in biochemical kinase profiling using a large panel of kinases. Anti-proliferative activity measurement against several different cancer cells and Western blot analysis showed that this substance is capable of suppressing significantly the proliferation of cancer cells and is able to strongly block FAK/AKT/MAPK signaling pathways in a dose dependent manner at low nanomolar concentration. Especially, phosphorylation of Tyr925-FAK that is required for full activation of FAK was nearly completely suppressed even with 1 nM of methyl violet 2B in A375P cancer cells. To the best of our knowledge, it has never been reported that methyl violet possesses anti-cancer effects. Moreover, methyl violet 2B significantly inhibited FER kinase phosphorylation that activates FAK in cell. In addition, methyl violet 2B was found to induce cell apoptosis and to exhibit strong inhibitory effects on the focal adhesion, invasion, and migration of A375P cancer cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Taken together, these results show that methyl violet 2B is a novel, potent and selective blocker of FAK signaling cascade, which displays strong anti-proliferative activities against a variety of human cancer cells and suppresses
12. Is ozonation environmentally benign for reverse osmosis concentrate treatment? Four-level analysis on toxicity reduction based on organic matter fractionation. PubMed Weng, Jingxia; Jia, Huichao; Wu, Bing; Pan, Bingcai 2018-01-01 Ozonation is a promising option to treat reverse osmosis concentrate [ROC]. However, a systematic understanding and assessment of ozonation on toxicity reduction is insufficient. In this study, ROC sampled from a typical industrial park wastewater treatment plant of China was fractionated into hydrophobic acid [HOA], hydrophobic base [HOB], hydrophobic neutral [HON], and hydrophilic fraction [HI]. Systematic bioassays covering bacteria, algae, fish, and human cell lines were conducted to reveal the role of ozonation in toxicity variation of the four ROC fractions. HOA in the raw ROC exhibited the highest toxicity, followed by HON and HI. Ozonation significantly reduced total organic carbon [TOC] and UV 254 values in HOA, HON, and HI and their toxicity except in HOB. Correlation analysis indicated that chemical data [TOC and UV 254 ] of HOA and HON correlated well with their toxicities; however, poor correlations were observed for HOB and HI, suggesting that a battery of toxicity assays is necessary. This study indicates that TOC reduction during ozonation could not fully reflect the toxicity issue, and toxicity assessment is required in conjunction with the chemical data to evaluate the effectiveness of ozonation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
13. A Total Ozone Dependent Ozone Profile Climatology Based on Ozone-Sondes and Aura MLS Data NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Labow, G. J.; McPeters, R. D.; Ziemke, J. R. 2014-12-01 A new total ozone-based ozone profile climatology has been created for use in satellite and/or ground based ozone retrievals. This climatology was formed by combining data from the Microwave Limb Sounder [MLS] with data from balloon sondes and binned by zone and total ozone. Because profile shape varies with total column ozone, this climatology better captures the ozone variations than the previously used seasonal climatologies, especially near the tropopause. This is significantly different than ozone climatologies used in the past as there is no time component. The MLS instrument on Aura has excellent latitude coverage and measures ozone profiles daily from the upper troposphere to the lower mesosphere at ~3.5 km resolution. Almost a million individual MLS ozone measurements are merged with data from over 55,000 ozonesondes which are then binned as a function of total ozone. The climatology consists of average ozone profiles as a function of total ozone for six 30 degree latitude bands covering altitudes from 0-75 km [in Z* pressure altitude coordinates]. This new climatology better represents the profile shape as a function of total ozone than previous climatologies and shows some remarkable and somewhat unexpected correlations between total ozone and ozone in the lower altitudes, particularly in the lower and middle troposphere. These data can also be used to infer biases and errors in either the MLS retrievals or ozone sondes.
14. Ozone processing of foods and beverages USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database Ozone has a long history of use as a disinfectant in food and beverage processing. In the United States, the application of ozone to disinfect bottled water was approved as Generally Recognized As Safe [GRAS] in 1982. Later it was approved as a sanitizing agent for bottled water treatment lines. Ozo...
15. Problem of photochemical equilibrium of ozone in planetary atmospheres: Ozone distribution in the lower atmosphere of Mars NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Grams, G. W.; SHARDANAND 1972-01-01 The inherent errors of applying terrestrial atmospheric ozone distribution studies to the atmosphere of other planets are discussed. Limitations associated with some of the earlier treatments of photochemical equilibrium distributions of ozone in planetary atmospheres are described. A technique having more universal application is presented. Ozone concentration profiles for the Martian atmosphere based on the results of the Mariner 4 radio occultation experiment and the more recent results with Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 have been calculated using this approach.
16. Rhabdomyolysis and exercise-associated hyponatremia in ultra-bikers and ultra-runners. PubMed Chlíbková, Daniela; Knechtle, Beat; Rosemann, Thomas; Tomášková, Ivana; Novotný, Jan; Žákovská, Alena; Uher, Tomáš 2015-01-01 Exercise-associated hyponatremia [EAH], rhabdomyolysis and renal failure appear to be a unique problem in ultra-endurance racers. We investigated the combined occurrence of EAH and rhabdomyolysis in seven different ultra-endurance races and disciplines [i.e. multi-stage mountain biking, 24-h mountain biking, 24-h ultra-running and 100-km ultra-running]. Two [15.4%] ultra-runners [man and woman] from hyponatremic ultra-athletes [n = 13] and four [4%] ultra-runners [four men] from the normonatremic group [n = 100] showed rhabdomyolysis following elevated blood creatine kinase [CK] levels > 10,000 U/L without the development of renal failure and the necessity of a medical treatment. Post-race creatine kinase, plasma and urine creatinine significantly increased, while plasma [Na[+]] and creatine clearance decreased in hyponatremic and normonatremic athletes, respectively. The percentage increase of CK was higher in the hyponatremic compared to the normonatremic group [P < 0.05]. Post-race CK levels were higher in ultra-runners compared to mountain bikers [P < 0.01], in faster normonatremic [P < 0.05] and older and more experienced hyponatremic ultra-athletes [P < 0.05]. In all finishers, pre-race plasma [K[+]] was related to post-race CK [P < 0.05]. Hyponatremic ultra-athletes tended to develop exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis more frequently than normonatremic ultra-athletes. Ultra-runners tended to develop rhabdomyolysis more frequently than mountain bikers. We found no association between post-race plasma [Na[+]] and CK concentration in both hypo- and normonatremic ultra-athletes.
17. Effects of Acute Ozone Exposure and Methyl Jasmonate Treatment on White Pine Monoterpene and Sesquiterpene Emission Rates NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Faiola, C. L.; Wagner, D.; Allwine, E.; Harley, P. C.; Vanreken, T. M. 2010-12-01 Biogenic volatile organic compounds [BVOCs] are produced by plants and include monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and their oxygenated derivatives. These BVOCs are one of the principal factors influencing the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere in forested regions, and impact both ozone concentration and secondary organic aerosol formation. Under unstressed conditions, the release of BVOCs to the atmosphere is primarily controlled by the vapor pressure of the relevant compounds within the plant tissue, which is in turn dependent on temperature as well as complex biochemical production processes. However, various natural and anthropogenic stressors can alter both the quantity and composition of the BVOCs emitted by plants. Many potential stressors are expected to become stronger as climate change effects escalate. The impacts of most stressors on BVOC emissions have not been well characterized, particularly in a field setting where changes in BVOC emissions could have influential feedbacks with climate. This study investigated the effects of two stressors on monoterpene and sesquiterpene emission rates at a field site in northern Michigan: acute ozone exposure and treatment with methyl jasmonate, an herbivory proxy. The study included six repetitions of the same experiment, each time using a new set of sub-canopy eastern white pine specimens. For each experiment, dynamic branch enclosures were simultaneously used on three specimens for sample collection: one ozone treatment tree, one methyl jasmonate treatment tree, and one control tree. Sampling lines were placed in each enclosure and VOCs were collected onto cartridges packed with Tenax GR adsorbent. Samples were collected several times per day for at least two days before treatment and for five days after treatment. Cartridges were analyzed via thermodesorption with an Agilent GC/MS/FID. This analysis allowed the identification and quantification of several monoterpene and sesquiterpene species in the samples
18. GASEOUS SCINTILLATION COUNTER DOEpatents Eggler, C.; Huddleston, C.M. 1959-04-28 A gaseous excitation counter for detecting the presence amd measuring the energy of subatomic particles and electromagnetic radiation is described. The counter includes a gas-tight chamber filled with an elemental gas capable of producing ultra-violet excitation quanta when irradiated with subatomic particles and electromagnetic radiation. The gas has less than one in a thousand parts ultra-violet absorbing contamination. When nuclear radiation ps present the ultra-violet light produced by the gas strikes a fluorescent material within the counter, responsive to produce visible excitation quanta, and photo-sensitive counting means detect the visible emission.
19. Occurrence and fate of amisulpride, sulpiride, and lamotrigine in municipal wastewater treatment plants with biological treatment and ozonation. PubMed Bollmann, Anna Franka; Seitz, Wolfram; Prasse, Carsten; Lucke, Thomas; Schulz, Wolfgang; Ternes, Thomas 2016-12-15 This study examines the transformation and removal of the atypical antipsychotics amisulpride and sulpiride and the anticonvulsant lamotrigine in municipal wastewater treatment plants [WWTPs]. Amisulpride, sulpiride and lamotrigine were selected using a tailored non-target screening approach. In WWTPs, lamotrigine concentrations increased from 1.1 to 1.6μg/L while sulpiride and amisulpride exhibited similar concentrations, up to 1.1μg/L and 1.3μg/L, respectively. It was found that N2-glucuronide conjugates of lamotrigine were cleaved to form lamotrigine. Both lamotrigine and amisulpride were detected in groundwater with a concentration of 0.07μg/L. Sulpiride was identified but not quantified. This demonstrates that amisulpride, sulpiride and lamotrigine might be used as indicators for treated wastewater in raw waters used for drinking water production. Furthermore, it could be shown that all three pharmaceutical compounds are efficiently oxidized by ozonation, leading mainly to N-oxide oxidation products. No significant removal of the N-oxides of amisulpride, sulpiride and lamotrigine was observed in the bench-scale biodegradation experiments with activated sludge. This indicated their high biological persistence. Therefore, N-oxides might be appropriate as indicators for post-ozonation as a major technology for the advanced treatment of secondary effluent. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
20. The effects of tropospheric ozone on the species dynamics of calcareous grassland. PubMed Thwaites, R H; Ashmore, M R; Morton, A J; Pakeman, R J 2006-11-01 Although ozone has been shown to reduce the growth of individual species and to alter the composition of simple species mixtures, there is little understanding of its long-term effects on species dynamics and composition in real communities. Intact turfs of calcareous grassland were exposed to four different ozone regimes in open-top chambers over three consecutive summers. Treatments provided a mean seasonal AOT40 ranging from approximately zero to 15 ppm h. Cumulative ozone exposure was a significant factor in compositional change, but only explained 4.6% of the variation. The dominant grass species [Festuca rubra] showed a consistent decline in cover in the high ozone treatment over time and the forb Campanula rotundifolia was lost from all three ozone treatments. The frequency of some species [Galium verum and Plantago lanceolata] increased with ozone exposure. Long-term effects of ozone on species composition in chalk grassland may be a function of both the sensitivity of individual species and the response of the dominant species.

1. Application of ozone for the postharvest treatment of fruits and vegetables. PubMed Horvitz, S; Cantalejo, M J 2014-01-01 Fruits and vegetables consumption has risen noticeably during recent decades, leading to a greater frequency of foodborne illnesses associated with fresh produce. Novel industrial applications and improvements in ozone technology together with new regulatory actions worldwide have emerged in recent years, making its use in the food industry easier. This technology has attracted considerable commercial interest, especially because ozone does not leave any residues on the treated produce and it is also accepted by many organic grower organizations. However, discrepancies regarding the efficacy of this technology are often found in the bibliography and further research is still needed. These differences could be attributed to a great variability in the conditions of the research work: method of ozone generation and application, O3 concentration and exposure time to the gas, as well as the way in which produce is packed. In this sense, standardization in the working conditions and in the units to measure ozone concentration will be useful to better understand the mode of action and the effects of ozone on food products. Consequently, it would be possible to improve its potential as a sanitizer in the food industry.
2. The use of ozone during advanced primary treatment of wastewater for its reuse in agriculture: an approach to enhance coagulation, disinfection and crop productivities. PubMed Campos-Reales-Pineda, A E; Orta de Velásquez, M T; Rojas-Valencia, M N 2008-01-01 The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect that ozone [O[3]] has on the advanced primary treatment [APT] and disinfection of wastewaters for their reuse in agriculture. The enhancement and optimization of APT was done by applying low O[3] doses during coagulation. By applying an ozone dose of 2 mg/L during APT, the required coagulant dose may be reduced by up to 25% to achieve a similar turbidity removal [and up to 50% for total suspended solids removal], when compared to a conventional APT treatment. When the same coagulant dose was applied [60 mg/L], the volume of settleable solids was reduced from 31.0 to 25.5 mL/L, and the settling velocity increased from 0.111 to 0.139 m/min. Disinfection was also improved by the use of ozone, which leads to better plant germination rates than when using chlorination, because of reduced toxicity of the ozonated effluents. Additionally, helminth eggs content was reduced by applying ozone. Copyright IWA Publishing 2008.
3. Effects of ozonated sewage effluent on reproduction and behavioral endpoints in zebrafish [Danio rerio]. PubMed Pohl, Johannes; Björlenius, Berndt; Brodin, Tomas; Carlsson, Gunnar; Fick, Jerker; Larsson, D G Joakim; Norrgren, Leif; Örn, Stefan 2018-04-25 Pharmaceutical residues and other micro-contaminants may enter aquatic environments through effluent from sewage treatment plants [STPs] and could cause adverse effects in wild fish. One strategy to alleviate this situation is to improve wastewater treatment by ozonation. To test the effectiveness of full-scale wastewater effluent ozonation at a Swedish municipal STP, the added removal efficiency was measured for 105 pharmaceuticals. In addition, gene expression, reproductive and behavioral endpoints were analyzed in zebrafish [Danio rerio] exposed on-site over 21 days to ozonated or non-ozonated effluents as well as to tap water. Ozone treatment [7 g O 3 /m 3 ] removed pharmaceuticals by an average efficiency of 77% in addition to the conventional treatment, leaving 11 screened pharmaceuticals above detection limits. Differences in biological responses of the exposure treatments were recorded in gene expression, reproduction and behavior. Hepatic vitellogenin gene expression was higher in male zebrafish exposed to the ozonated effluent compared to the non-ozonated effluent and tap water treatments. The reproductive success was higher in fish exposed to ozonated effluent compared to non-ozonated effluent and to tap water. The behavioral measurements showed that fish exposed to the ozonated STP effluent were less active in swimming the first minute after placed in a novel vessel. Ozonation is a capable method for removing pharmaceuticals in effluents. However, its implementation should be thoroughly evaluated for any potential biological impact. Future research is needed for uncovering the factors which produced the in vivo responses in fish. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
4. Enamel and dentin bond strength following gaseous ozone application. PubMed Cadenaro, Milena; Delise, Chiara; Antoniollo, Francesca; Navarra, Ottavia Chiara; Di Lenarda, Roberto; Breschi, Lorenzo 2009-08-01 To evaluate the effects of gaseous ozone application on enamel and dentin bond strength produced by two self-etching adhesive systems. The shear bond strength test was conducted to assess adhesion on enamel [protocol 1], while the microtensile bond strength test was performed on dentin [protocol 2]. Protocol 1: 96 bovine incisors were randomly divided into 4 groups, and enamel surfaces were bonded in accordance with the following treatments: [1E] ozone + Clearfil Protect Bond; [2E] Clearfil Protect Bond [control]; [3E] ozone + Xeno III; [4E] Xeno III [control]. Ozone gas was applied for 80 s. Shear bond strength was measured with a universal testing machine. Protocol 2: 40 noncarious human molars were selected. Middle/deep dentin was exposed and bonded in accordance with the following treatments: [1D] ozone+Clearfil Protect Bond; [2D] Clearfil Protect Bond [control]; [3D] ozone+Xeno III [4D] Xeno III [control]. Four-mm-thick buildups were built on the adhesives, then specimens were sectioned in accordance with the nontrimming technique. Specimens were stressed until failure occurred, and failure modes were analyzed. Shear bond and microtensile bond strength data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. No statistical differences were found between ozone treated specimens and controls, neither on enamel nor on dentin irrespective of the tested adhesive. Clearfil Protect Bond showed higher bond strength to enamel than Xeno III, irrespective of the ozone treatment [p < 0.05]. The use of ozone gas to disinfect the cavity before placing a restoration had no influence on immediate enamel and dentin bond strength.
5. Choice of intra-articular injection in treatment of knee osteoarthritis: platelet-rich plasma, hyaluronic acid or ozone options. PubMed Duymus, Tahir Mutlu; Mutlu, Serhat; Dernek, Bahar; Komur, Baran; Aydogmus, Suavi; Kesiktas, Fatma Nur 2017-02-01 This study was performed to compare the efficacy of treatment in three groups of patients with knee osteoarthritis [OA] given an intra-articular injection of platelet-rich plasma [PRP], hyaluronic acid [HA] or ozone gas. A total of 102 patients with mild-moderate and moderate knee OA who presented at the polyclinic with at least a 1-year history of knee pain and VAS score ≥4 were randomly separated into three groups. Group 1 [PRP group] received intra-articular injection of PRP × 2 doses, Group 2 [HA group] received a single dose of HA, and Group 3 [Ozone group] received ozone × four doses. Weight-bearing anteroposterior-lateral and Merchant's radiographs of both knees were evaluated. WOMAC and VAS scores were applied to all patients on first presentation and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. At the end of the 1st month after injection, significant improvements were seen in all groups. In the 3rd month, the improvements in WOMAC and VAS scores were similar in Groups 1 and 2, while those in Group 3 were lower [p < 0.001]. At the 6th month, while the clinical efficacies of PRP and HA were similar and continued, the clinical effect of ozone had disappeared [p < 0.001]. At the end of the 12th month, PRP was determined to be both statistically and clinically superior to HA [p < 0.001]. In the treatment of mild-moderate knee OA, PRP was more successful than HA and ozone injections, as the application alone was sufficient to provide at least 12 months of pain-free daily living activities. Therapeutic study, Level I.
6. Use of Ozone to Treat Ileostomy Dermatitis in an Experimental Rat Model. PubMed Biçer, Şenol; Sayar, İlyas; Gürsul, Cebrail; Işık, Arda; Aydın, Merve; Peker, Kemal; Demiryilmaz, İsmail 2016-03-07 Dermatitis associated with ileostomy is an important problem that affects many people, especially children. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of ozone on dermatitis due to ileostomy, and to develop an alternative treatment option. A total of 28 rats were divided into 4 groups: control, ileostomy, ozone, and zinc oxide. Ileostomy was performed in all rats except the control group. After a 1-week waiting time, the ozone group was administered ozone therapy and the zinc oxide group was administered zinc oxide cream locally once a day for a total of 7 days. All rats were sacrificed at the end of this period. The efficacy of treatment was examined by biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical parameters. The levels of malondialdehyde [MDA], total glutathione [tGSH], total antioxidant capacity [TAC], and total oxidant status [TOS] were measured from tissue. Vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA] were examined immunohistochemically. Dermatitis occurred pathologically in all rats that underwent ileostomy surgery. The lowest dermatitis score was in the ozone treatment group [p 0.8749. Furthermore, under the same conditions, corn with increased moisture content [MC] [19.6%] was more sensitive to ozone than corn with a low MC [14.1%]. When treated with 100 mg l -1 ozone for 180 min, ZEN and OTA in corn with 19.6% MC decreased by 90.7% and 70.7%, respectively. To evaluate the quality of ozonised corn, subsequent quality experiments were conducted using corn samples treated at different times with 100 mg l -1 ozone. The MC of corn decreased after ozone treatment. The whiteness and yellowness of the corn increased and decreased with increasing time, respectively. The fatty acid value of the corn increased significantly [p ≤ 0.05] after 180 min of treatment. This study verified that ozone can effectively degrade ZEN and OTA in corn, but slightly affected corn quality.
7. Shelf-life extension of semi-dried buckwheat noodles by the combination of aqueous ozone treatment and modified atmosphere packaging. PubMed Bai, Yi-Peng; Guo, Xiao-Nao; Zhu, Ke-Xue; Zhou, Hui-Ming 2017-12-15 The present study investigated the combined effects of aqueous ozone treatment and modified atmosphere packaging [MAP] on prolonging the shelf-life of semi-dried buckwheat noodles [SBWN; moisture content [22.5±0.5%]] at 25°C. Firstly, the different concentrations of ozonated water were used to make SBWN. Subsequently, SBWN prepared with ozonated water were packaged under six different conditions and stored for 11days. Changes in microbial, chemical-physical, textural properties and sensorial qualities of SWBN were monitored during storage. Microbiological results indicated that adopting 2.21mg/L of ozonated water resulted in a 1.8 log 10 CFU/g reduction of the initial microbial loads in SBWN. In addition, MAP suppressed the microbial growth with a concomitant reduction in the rates of acidification and quality deteriorations of SBWN. Finally, the shelf-life of sample packed under N 2 :CO 2 =30:70 was extended to 9days, meanwhile textural and sensorial characteristics were maintained during the whole storage period. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
8. Reduction in pesticide residue levels in olives by ozonated and tap water treatments and their transfer into olive oil. PubMed Kırış, Sevilay; Velioglu, Yakup Sedat 2016-01-01 The effects of different wash times [2 and 5 min] with tap and ozonated water on the removal of nine pesticides from olives and the transfer ratios of these pesticides during olive oil production were determined. The reliability of the analytical methods was also tested. The applied methods of analysis were found to be suitable based on linearity, trueness, repeatability, selectivity and limit of quantification all the pesticides tested. All tap and ozonated water wash cycles removed a significant quantity of the pesticides from the olives, with a few exceptions. Generally, extending the wash time increased the pesticide reduction with ozonated water, but did not make significant differences with tap water. During olive oil processing, depending on the processing technique and physicochemical properties of the pesticides, eight of nine pesticides were concentrated into olive oil [processing factor > 1] with almost no significant difference between treatments. Imidacloprid did not pass into olive oil. Ozonated water wash for 5 min reduced chlorpyrifos, β-cyfluthrin, α-cypermethrin and imidacloprid contents by 38%, 50%, 55% and 61% respectively in olives.
9. Required ozone doses for removing pharmaceuticals from wastewater effluents. PubMed Antoniou, Maria G; Hey, Gerly; Rodríguez Vega, Sergio; Spiliotopoulou, Aikaterini; Fick, Jerker; Tysklind, Mats; la Cour Jansen, Jes; Andersen, Henrik Rasmus 2013-07-01 The aim of the this study was to investigate the ozone dosage required to remove active pharmaceutical ingredients [APIs] from biologically treated wastewater of varying quality, originated from different raw wastewater and wastewater treatment processes. Secondary effluents from six Swedish wastewater treatment plants [WWTP] were spiked with 42 APIs [nominal concentration μg/L] and treated with different O₃ doses [0.5-12.0 mg/L ozone] in bench-scale experiments. In order to compare the sensitivity of APIs in each matrix, the specific dose of ozone required to achieve reduction by one decade of each investigated API [DDO₃] was determined for each effluent by fitting a first order equation to the remaining concentration of API at each applied ozone dose. Ozone dose requirements were found to vary significantly between effluents depending on their matrix characteristics. The specific ozone dose was then normalized to the dissolved organic carbon [DOC] of each effluent. The DDO₃/DOC ratios were comparable for each API between the effluents. 15 of the 42 investigated APIs could be classified as easily degradable [DDO₃/DOC ≤ 0.7], while 19 were moderately degradable [0.7 < DDO₃/DOC ≤ 1.4], and 8 were recalcitrant towards O₃-treatment [DDO₃/DOC >1.4]. Furthermore, we predict that a reasonable estimate of the ozone dose required to remove any of the investigated APIs may be attained by multiplying the experimental average DDO₃/DOC obtained with the actual DOC of any effluent. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
10. Limitations in the use of ozone to disinfect maple sap. PubMed Labbe, R G; Kinsley, M; Wu, J 2001-01-01 The sap of the maple sugar tree [Acer saccharum] contains 2 to 3% sucrose and is traditionally collected early in the year and concentrated by boiling to produce maple syrup. High levels of microorganisms in the sap occur during holding, leading to a darker syrup with lower economic value. We investigated the use of dissolved ozone as a method to reduce the microbial population in sap. After 40 min of ozone treatment, concentrations of up to 0.30 mg/liter were achieved but were ineffective in reducing the aerobic plate count. Three predominant colonies on nutrient agar were selected for isolation and identification from sap. These included one mucoid and one nonmucoid yeast, both identified as Candida, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. When suspended in buffer, each was readily inactivated by ozone. Addition of 3% sucrose to the buffer markedly reduced the effectiveness of ozone. With the use of an ozone generator with a larger ozone output, saturating ozone concentrations [1 mg/liter] were achieved within 5 min but were accompanied by only a 1-log reduction in aerobic plate count of maple sap. After 40 min of ozone treatment, a less than 3-log reduction occurred. The results indicate that, because of the presence of sucrose, ozone may be of limited use in reducing the microbial population in sap.
11. [Active carbon from Thalia dealbata residues: its preparation and adsorption performance to crystal violet]. PubMed Chu, Shu-Yi; Yang, Min; Xiao, Ji-Bo; Zhang, Jun; Zhu, Yan-Ping; Yan, Xiang-Jun; Tian, Guang-Ming 2013-06-01 By using phosphoric acid as activation agent, active carbon was prepared from Thalia dealbata residues. The BET specific surface area of the active carbon was 1174.13 m2 x g[-1], micropore area was 426.99 m2 x g[-1], and average pore diameter was 3.23 nm. An investigation was made on the adsorption performances of the active carbon for crystal violet from aqueous solution under various conditions of pH, initial concentration of crystal violet, contact time, and contact temperature. It was shown that the adsorbed amount of crystal violet was less affected by solution pH, and the adsorption process could be divided into two stages, i. e., fast adsorption and slow adsorption, which followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. At the temperature 293, 303, and 313 K, the adsorption process was more accordance with Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 409.83, 425.53, and 438.59 mg x g[-1], respectively. In addition, the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, and the randomness of crystal violet molecules increased.
12. Unequivocal detection of ozone recovery in the Antarctic Ozone Hole through significant increases in atmospheric layers with minimum ozone NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] de Laat, Jos; van Weele, Michiel; van der A, Ronald 2015-04-01 An important new landmark in present day ozone research is presented through MLS satellite observations of significant ozone increases during the ozone hole season that are attributed unequivocally to declining ozone depleting substances. For many decades the Antarctic ozone hole has been the prime example of both the detrimental effects of human activities on our environment as well as how to construct effective and successful environmental policies. Nowadays atmospheric concentrations of ozone depleting substances are on the decline and first signs of recovery of stratospheric ozone and ozone in the Antarctic ozone hole have been observed. The claimed detection of significant recovery, however, is still subject of debate. In this talk we will discuss first current uncertainties in the assessment of ozone recovery in the Antarctic ozone hole by using multi-variate regression methods, and, secondly present an alternative approach to identify ozone hole recovery unequivocally. Even though multi-variate regression methods help to reduce uncertainties in estimates of ozone recovery, great care has to be taken in their application due to the existence of uncertainties and degrees of freedom in the choice of independent variables. We show that taking all uncertainties into account in the regressions the formal recovery of ozone in the Antarctic ozone hole cannot be established yet, though is likely before the end of the decade [before 2020]. Rather than focusing on time and area averages of total ozone columns or ozone profiles, we argue that the time evolution of the probability distribution of vertically resolved ozone in the Antarctic ozone hole contains a better fingerprint for the detection of ozone recovery in the Antarctic ozone hole. The advantages of this method over more tradition methods of trend analyses based on spatio-temporal average ozone are discussed. The 10-year record of MLS satellite measurements of ozone in the Antarctic ozone hole shows a
13. Assembly of potassium niobate nanosheets/silver oxide composite films with good SERS performance towards crystal violet detection NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Zhu, Kun; Hong, Zhen; Kang, Shi-Zhao; Qin, Lixia; Li, Guodong; Li, Xiangqing 2018-04-01 The orderly potassium niobate nanosheets/silver oxide [Ag2O] composite films with uniform morphology were achieved by layer-by-layer self-assembly combined with ultraviolet light irradiation. The composition, structure and morphology of the potassium niobate nanosheets/Ag2O composite films were studied by XPS, XRD and SEM. Furthermore, the films were used as a SERS probe to detect crystal violet molecules. The results showed that the potassium niobate nanosheets/Ag2O composite films were an active substrate for fast and sensitive detection of crystal violet with low concentration. The limit of detection by the films can reach 1 × 10-6 mol L-1. Both electromagnetic enhancement and chemical enhancement contributed to the enhanced SERS in the [potassium niobate nanosheets/Ag2O]4 films. Moreover, it was found that the films were relatively stable under light irradiation or heat treatment in a certain range.
14. Degradation of recalcitrant naphthenic acids from raw and ozonated oil sands process-affected waters by a semi-passive biofiltration process. PubMed Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Yanyan; Gamal El-Din, Mohamed 2018-04-15 In this study, a fixed-bed biofiltration system [biofilter] that utilized indigenous microorganisms was developed for the reclamation of oil sands process-affected water [OSPW]. With the assistance of quantitative polymerase chain reaction [qPCR] and confocal laser scanning microscopy [CLSM], indigenous microorganisms from OSPW were able to attach to the surface of sand media and form biofilms. The number of total bacteria on the biofilter media reached a steady state [10 9 /g] after 23 days of operation. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/High Resolution Mass Spectrometry [UPLC/HRMS] analysis showed that 21.8% of the classical naphthenic acids [NAs] removal was achieved through the circulation of raw OSPW on the biofilter for 8 times [equivalent to a hydraulic retention time of 16 h]. When ozonation with utilized ozone dose of 30 mg/L was applied as pretreatment, the classical NAs in the ozonated OSPW were removed by 89.3% with an accelerated biodegradation rate of 0.5 mg/L/h. Compared with other biofilm reactors such as moving bed biofilm reactor [MBBR], ozonation pretreatment could benefit the biodegradation of NAs in the biofilter more [classical NA removal: 89.3% vs. 34.4%], especially for those with high carbon number and cyclicity. The combined ozonation-biofiltration process could remove 92.7% of classical NAs from raw OSPW in 16 h. Although both ozonation and biofiltration alone did not show degradation of oxidized NAs from raw OSPW, the combined process led to a 52.9% and 42.6% removal for O 3 -NAs and O 4 -NAs, respectively, which were the dominant oxidized NA species in OSPW. Metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that Rhodococcus was the dominant bacterial genus on the sand media, which may play a crucial role during the NA biodegradation. With the advantage of high NA removal efficiency, the combined ozonation-biofiltration process is a promising approach for NA degradation and shows high potential to be scaled up for in-situ OSPW
15. Ozone MedlinePlus Ozone is a gas. It can be good or bad, depending on where it is. "Good" ozone occurs naturally about 10 to 30 miles above ... the sun's ultraviolet rays. Part of the good ozone layer is gone. Man-made chemicals have destroyed ...
16. Isolation and Characterization of Paracoccus sp. GSM2 Capable of Degrading Textile Azo Dye Reactive Violet 5 PubMed Central Bheemaraddi, Mallikarjun C.; Shivannavar, Channappa T.; Gaddad, Subhashchandra M. 2014-01-01 A potential bacterial strain GSM2, capable of degrading an azo dye Reactive Violet 5 as a sole source of carbon, was isolated from textile mill effluent from Solapur, India. The 16S rDNA sequence and phenotypic characteristics indicated an isolated organism as Paracoccus sp. GSM2. This strain exhibited complete decolorization of Reactive Violet 5 [100 mg/L] within 16 h, while maximally it could decolorize 800 mg/L of dye within 38 h with 73% decolorization under static condition. For color removal, the most suitable pH and temperature were pH 6.0–9.0 and 25–40°C, respectively. The isolate was able to decolorize more than 70% of five structurally different azo dyes within 38 h. The isolate is salt tolerant as it can bring out more than 90% decolorization up to a salt concentration of 2% [w/v]. UV-Visible absorption spectra before and after decolorization suggested that decolorization was due to biodegradation and was further confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. Overall results indicate the effectiveness of the strain GSM2 explored for the treatment of textile industry effluents containing various azo dyes. To our knowledge, this could be the first report on biodegradation of Reactive Violet 5 by Paracoccus sp. GSM2. PMID:24883397
17. Climatology of Ultra Violet[UV] Irradiance at the Surface of the Earth as Measured by the Belgian UV Radiation Monitoring Network NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Pandey, Praveen; Gillotay, Didier; Depiesse, Cedric 2016-08-01 In this paper we describe the network of ground-based ultraviolet [UV] radiation monitoring stations in Belgium. The evolution of the entire network, together with the details of measuring instruments is given. The observed cumulative irradiations -UVB, UVA and total solar irradiation [TSI]- over the course of measurement for three stations -a northern [Ostende], central [Uccle] and a southern [Redu]- are shown. The longest series of measurement shown in this study is at Uccle, Brussels, from 1995 till 2014. Thus, the variation of the UV index, together with the variation of irradiations during summer and winter months at Uccle are shown as a part of this climatological study. The trend of UVB irradiance over the above mentioned three stations is shown. This UVB trend is studied in conjunction with the long-term satellite-based total column ozone value over Belgium, which shows two distinct trends marked by a change point. The total column ozone trend following the change point is positive. It is also seen that the UVB trend is positive for the urban/sub-urban sites: Uccle and Redu. Whereas the UVB trend at Ostende, which is a coastal site, is not positive. A possible explanation of this relation between total column ozone and UVB trend could be associated with aerosols, which is shown in this paper by means of a radiative transfer model based study -as a part of a preliminary investigation. It is seen that the UVI is influenced by the type of aerosols.
18. Influence of volumetric reduction factor during ozonation of nanofiltration concentrates for wastewater reuse. PubMed Azaïs, Antonin; Mendret, Julie; Petit, Eddy; Brosillon, Stephan 2016-12-01 Global population growth induces increased threat on drinking water resources. One way to address this environmental issue is to reuse water from wastewater treatment plant. The presence of pathogenic microorganisms and potentially toxic organic micropollutants does not allow a direct reuse of urban effluents. Membrane processes such reverse osmosis [RO] or nanofiltration [NF] can be considered to effectively eliminate these pollutants. The integration of membrane processes involves the production of concentrated retentates which require being disposed. To date, no treatment is set up to manage safely this pollution. This work focuses on the application of ozonation for the treatment of NF retentates in the framework of the wastewater reuse. Ozonation is a powerful oxidation process able to react and degrade a wide range of organic pollutants. Four pharmaceutical micropollutants were selected as target molecules: acetaminophen, carbamazepine, atenolol and diatrozic acid. This study highlighted that NF represents a viable alternative to the commonly used RO process ensuring high retention at much lower operating costs. Ozonation appears to be effective to degrade the most reactive pollutants toward molecular ozone but is limited for the reduction of refractory ozone pollutants due to the inhibition of the radical chain by the high content of organic matter in the retentates. The ozonation process appears to be a promising NF retentate treatment, but additional treatments after ozonation are required to lead to a zero liquid discharge treatment scheme. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
19. 16 CFR 260.11 - Ozone-safe and ozone-friendly claims. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Ozone-safe and ozone-friendly claims. 260.11... THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MARKETING CLAIMS § 260.11 Ozone-safe and ozone-friendly claims. It is... friendly to, the ozone layer or the atmosphere. Example 1: A product is labeled “ozone-friendly.” The claim...
20. 16 CFR 260.11 - Ozone-safe and ozone-friendly claims. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Ozone-safe and ozone-friendly claims. 260.11... THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MARKETING CLAIMS § 260.11 Ozone-safe and ozone-friendly claims. It is... friendly to, the ozone layer or the atmosphere. Example 1: A product is labeled “ozone-friendly.” The claim...
21. The early epigenetic response to ozone: impacts on DNA ... EPA Pesticide Factsheets Epigenetics have been increasingly recognized as a mechanism linking environment and gene expression. Despite awareness of the role of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation as potential drivers of the response to air pollutants, very little work has been performed investigating the direct epigenetic effects following exposure to ambient air pollution. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate the early epigenetic response to ozone in comparison to the epigenetic modifier 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine [5-Aza] in rats. 12 week old, male Long-Evans rats [n=16] were exposed to 4 hours of whole-body 1.0 ppm ozone or air and immediately euthanized. A subset of animals were additionally treated with 5-Aza [n=16] to serve as an epigenetic control to ozone exposure. Neither 5-Aza nor ozone by itself induced changes to the global methylome or hydroxmethylome of the lung measured by ELISA. Despite this finding, ozone exposure induced a significant increase in the activity of the DNA methyltransferase enzymes in the lung which was reversed with 5-Aza treatment. Interestingly, a significant interaction between 5-Aza treatment and ozone exposure was found in a large array of data. The interaction between 5-Aza and ozone produced indicators of pulmonary edema and elevated lung damage. Along with these adverse changes, expression of major epigenetic enzymes [Tet 1-3, Dnmt3 a-b] were found to be perturbed in both the lung and hepatic tissues. While ozone exposure appears to in
22. Application of ultraviolet, ozone, and advanced oxidation treatments to washwaters to destroy nitrosamines, nitramines, amines, and aldehydes formed during amine-based carbon capture. PubMed Shah, Amisha D; Dai, Ning; Mitch, William A 2013-03-19 Although amine-based CO[2] absorption is a leading contender for full-scale postcombustion CO[2] capture at power plants, concerns have been raised about the potential release of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines and N-nitramines formed by reaction of exhaust gas NO[x] with the amines. Experiments with a laboratory-scale pilot unit suggested that washwater units meant to scrub contaminants from absorber unit exhaust could potentially serve as a source of N-nitrosamines via reactions of residual NO[x] with amines accumulating in the washwater. Dosage requirements for the continuous treatment of the washwater recycle line with ultraviolet [UV] light for destruction of N-nitrosamines and N-nitramines, and with ozone or hydroxyl radical-based advanced oxidation processes [AOPs] for destruction of amines and aldehydes, were evaluated. Although 50%] materials towards highly efficient UV LEDs. We demonstrate that polarization-induced three dimensional charge is beneficial in reducing tunneling barriers especially for high composition AlGaN tunnel junctions. In addition, the design of graded tunnel junction structures could lead to low tunneling resistance below 10 –3 Ω cm 2 and lowmore » voltage consumption below 1 V [at 1 kA/cm 2] for high composition AlGaN tunnel junctions. Experimental demonstration of 292 nm emission was achieved through non-equilibrium hole injection into wide bandgap materials with bandgap energy larger than 4.7 eV, and detailed modeling of tunnel junctions shows that they can be engineered to have low resistance and can enable efficient emitters in the UV-C wavelength range.« less
23. Design and demonstration of ultra-wide bandgap AlGaN tunnel junctions DOE PAGES Zhang, Yuewei; Krishnamoorthy, Sriram; Akyol, Fatih; ... 2016-09-19 Ultra violet light emitting diodes [UV LEDs] face critical limitations in both the injection efficiency and the light extraction efficiency due to the resistive and absorbing p-type contact layers. In this work, we investigate the design and application of polarization engineered tunnel junctions for ultra-wide bandgap AlGaN [Al mole fraction >50%] materials towards highly efficient UV LEDs. We demonstrate that polarization-induced three dimensional charge is beneficial in reducing tunneling barriers especially for high composition AlGaN tunnel junctions. In addition, the design of graded tunnel junction structures could lead to low tunneling resistance below 10 –3 Ω cm 2 and lowmore » voltage consumption below 1 V [at 1 kA/cm 2] for high composition AlGaN tunnel junctions. Experimental demonstration of 292 nm emission was achieved through non-equilibrium hole injection into wide bandgap materials with bandgap energy larger than 4.7 eV, and detailed modeling of tunnel junctions shows that they can be engineered to have low resistance and can enable efficient emitters in the UV-C wavelength range.« less
24. Antarctic ozone loss in 1989-2010: evidence for ozone recovery? NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Kuttippurath, J.; Lefèvre, F.; Pommereau, J.-P.; Roscoe, H. K.; Goutail, F.; Pazmiño, A.; Shanklin, J. D. 2012-04-01 We present a detailed estimation of chemical ozone loss in the Antarctic polar vortex from 1989 to 2010. The analyses include ozone loss estimates for 12 Antarctic ground-based [GB] stations. All GB observations show minimum ozone in the late September-early October period. Among the stations, the lowest minimum ozone values are observed at South Pole and the highest at Dumont d'Urville. The ozone loss starts by mid-June at the vortex edge and then progresses towards the vortex core with time. The loss intensifies in August-September, peaks by the end of September-early October, and recovers thereafter. The average ozone loss in the Antarctic is revealed to be about 33-50% in 1989-1992 in agreement with the increase in halogens during this period, and then stayed at around 48% due to saturation of the loss. The ozone loss in the warmer winters [e.g. 2002, and 2004] is lower [37-46%] and in the colder winters [e.g. 2003, and 2006] is higher [52-55%]. Because of small inter-annual variability, the correlation between ozone loss and the volume of polar stratospheric clouds yields ~0.51. The GB ozone and ozone loss values are in good agreement with those found from the space-based observations of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer/Ozone Monitoring Instrument [TOMS/OMI], the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment [GOME], the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography [SCIAMACHY], and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder [MLS], where the differences are within ±5% and are mostly within the error bars of the measurements. The piece-wise linear trends computed from the September-November vortex average GB and TOMS/OMI ozone show about -4 to -5.6 DU [Dobson Unit] yr-1 in 1989-1996 and about +1 DU yr-1 in 1997-2010. The trend during the former period is significant at 95% confidence intervals, but the trend in 1997-2010 is significant only at 85% confidence intervals. Our analyses suggest a period of about 9-10 yr to get the first detectable ozone
25. Use of fluorescence spectroscopy to control ozone dosage in recirculating aquaculture systems. PubMed Spiliotopoulou, Aikaterini; Martin, Richard; Pedersen, Lars-Flemming; Andersen, Henrik R 2017-03-15 The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy to be used as an ozone dosage determination tool in recirculating aquaculture systems [RASs], by studying the relationship between fluorescence intensities and dissolved organic matter [DOM] degradation by ozone, in order to optimise ozonation treatment. Water samples from six different Danish facilities [two rearing units from a commercial trout RAS, a commercial eel RAS, a pilot RAS and two marine water aquariums] were treated with different O 3 dosages [1.0-20.0 mg/L ozone] in bench-scale experiments, following which fluorescence intensity degradation was eventually determined. Ozonation kinetic experiments showed that RAS water contains fluorescent organic matter, which is easily oxidised upon ozonation in relatively low concentrations [0-5 mg O 3 /L]. Fluorescence spectroscopy has a high level of sensitivity and selectivity in relation to associated fluorophores, and it is able to determine accurately the ozone demand of each system. The findings can potentially be used to design offline or online sensors based on the reduction by ozone of natural fluorescent-dissolved organic matter in RAS. The suggested indirect determination of ozone delivered into water can potentially contribute to a safer and more adequate ozone-based treatment to improve water quality. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
26. Application of ozonation for pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal from water. PubMed Gomes, João; Costa, Raquel; Quinta-Ferreira, Rosa M; Martins, Rui C 2017-05-15 Due to the shortening on natural water resources, reclaimed wastewater will be an important water supply source. However, suitable technologies must be available to guaranty its proper detoxification with special concern for the emerging pharmaceutical and personal care products that are continuously reaching municipal wastewater treatment plants. While conventional biological systems are not suitable to remove these compounds, ozone, due to its interesting features involving molecular ozone oxidation and the possibility of generating unselective hydroxyl radicals, has a wider range of action on micropollutants removal and water disinfection. This paper aims to review the studies dealing with ozone based processes for water reuse by considering municipal wastewater reclamation as well as natural and drinking water treatment. A comparison with alternative technologies is given. The main drawback of ozonation is related with the low mineralization achieved that may lead to the production of reaction intermediates with toxic features. The use of hydrogen peroxide and light aided systems enhance ozone action over pollutants. Moreover, scientific community is focused on the development of solid catalysts able to improve the mineralization level achieved by ozone. Special interest is now being given to solar light catalytic ozonation systems with interesting results both for chemical and biological contaminants abatement. Nowadays the integration between ozonation and sand biofiltration seems to be the most interesting cost effective methodology for water treatment. However, further studies must be performed to optimize this system by understanding the biofiltration mechanisms. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
27. Mechanistic understanding of crystal violet dye sorption by woody biochar: implications for wastewater treatment. PubMed Wathukarage, Awanthi; Herath, Indika; Iqbal, M C M; Vithanage, Meththika 2017-08-17 Dye-based industries, particularly small and medium scale, discharge their effluents into waterways without treatment due to cost considerations. We investigated the use of biochars produced from the woody tree Gliricidia sepium at 300 °C [GBC300] and 500 °C [GBC500] in the laboratory and at 700 °C from a dendro bioenergy industry [GBC700], to evaluate their potential for sorption of crystal violet [CV] dye. Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of pH reaction time and CV loading on the adsorption process. The equilibrium adsorption capacity was higher with GBC700 [7.9 mg g -1 ] than GBC500 [4.9 mg g -1 ] and GBC300 [4.4 mg g -1 ], at pH 8. The CV sorption process was dependent on the pH, surface area and pore volume of biochar [GBC]. Both Freundlich and Hill isotherm models fitted best to the equilibrium isotherm data suggesting cooperative interactions via physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms for CV sorption. The highest Hill sorption capacity of 125.5 mg g -1 was given by GBC700 at pH 8. Kinetic data followed the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that the sorption process is more inclined toward the chemisorption mechanism. Pore diffusion, π-π electron donor-acceptor interaction and H-bonding were postulated to be involved in physisorption, whereas electrostatic interactions of protonated amine group of CV and negatively charged GBC surface led to a chemisorption type of adsorption. Overall, GBC produced as a by-product of the dendro industry could be a promising remedy for CV removal from an aqueous environment.
28. Polar ozone NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Solomon, S.; Grose, W. L.; Jones, R. L.; Mccormick, M. P.; Molina, Mario J.; Oneill, A.; Poole, L. R.; Shine, K. P.; Plumb, R. A.; Pope, V. 1990-01-01 The observation and interpretation of a large, unexpected ozone depletion over Antarctica has changed the international scientific view of stratospheric chemistry. The observations which show the veracity, seasonal nature, and vertical structure of the Antarctic ozone hole are presented. Evidence for Arctic and midlatitude ozone loss is also discussed. The chemical theory for Antarctic ozone depletion centers around the occurrence of polar stratospheric clouds [PSCs] in Antarctic winter and spring; the climatology and radiative properties of these clouds are presented. Lab studies of the physical properties of PSCs and the chemical processes that subsequently influence ozone depletion are discussed. Observations and interpretation of the chemical composition of the Antarctic stratosphere are described. It is shown that the observed, greatly enhanced abundances of chlorine monoxide in the lower stratosphere are sufficient to explain much if not all of the ozone decrease. The dynamic meteorology of both polar regions is given, interannual and interhemispheric variations in dynamical processes are outlined, and their likely roles in ozone loss are discussed.
29. Ozone decomposition PubMed Central Batakliev, Todor; Georgiev, Vladimir; Anachkov, Metody; Rakovsky, Slavcho 2014-01-01 Catalytic ozone decomposition is of great significance because ozone is a toxic substance commonly found or generated in human environments [aircraft cabins, offices with photocopiers, laser printers, sterilizers]. Considerable work has been done on ozone decomposition reported in the literature. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the literature, concentrating on analysis of the physico-chemical properties, synthesis and catalytic decomposition of ozone. This is supplemented by a review on kinetics and catalyst characterization which ties together the previously reported results. Noble metals and oxides of transition metals have been found to be the most active substances for ozone decomposition. The high price of precious metals stimulated the use of metal oxide catalysts and particularly the catalysts based on manganese oxide. It has been determined that the kinetics of ozone decomposition is of first order importance. A mechanism of the reaction of catalytic ozone decomposition is discussed, based on detailed spectroscopic investigations of the catalytic surface, showing the existence of peroxide and superoxide surface intermediates. PMID:26109880
30. Transformation products and reaction kinetics of fragrances in advanced wastewater treatment with ozone. PubMed Janzen, Niklas; Dopp, Elke; Hesse, Julia; Richards, Jessica; Türk, Jochen; Bester, Kai 2011-11-01 The reaction of the fragrance compounds 4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-1,3,4,7-tetrahydrocyclopenta[g]isochromene [HHCB], 1-[3,5,5,6,8,8-hexamethyl-6,7-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl]ethanone [AHTN], 1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene [musk xylene/MX], 1-[4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitrophenyl]ethanone [musk ketone/MK], and 1-[2,3,8,8-tetramethyl-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydronaphthalen-2-yl]ethanone [OTNE] with ozone in tap water as well as waste water treatment plant [WWTP] effluents is described. Several transformation products are characterized by means of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. One transformation product [HHCB-Lactone] was confirmed by means of a true standard. Musk xylene and musk ketone do not react with ozone under the conditions used in this study. AHTN and HHCB reacted slowly to a multitude of transformation products, while OTNE reacted quickly to several stable transformation products. The reaction constants and half lives are used to predict removal efficiencies for full scale reactors. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
31. Modeling of bromate formation by ozonation of surface waters in drinking water treatment. PubMed Legube, Bernard; Parinet, Bernard; Gelinet, Karine; Berne, Florence; Croue, Jean-Philippe 2004-04-01 The main objective of this paper is to try to develop statistically and chemically rational models for bromate formation by ozonation of clarified surface waters. The results presented here show that bromate formation by ozonation of natural waters in drinking water treatment is directly proportional to the "Ct" value ["Ctau" in this study]. Moreover, this proportionality strongly depends on many parameters: increasing of pH, temperature and bromide level leading to an increase of bromate formation; ammonia and dissolved organic carbon concentrations causing a reverse effect. Taking into account limitation of theoretical modeling, we proposed to predict bromate formation by stochastic simulations [multi-linear regression and artificial neural networks methods] from 40 experiments [BrO[3][-] vs. "Ctau"] carried out with three sand filtered waters sampled on three different waterworks. With seven selected variables we used a simple architecture of neural networks, optimized by "neural connection" of SPSS Inc./Recognition Inc. The bromate modeling by artificial neural networks gives better result than multi-linear regression. The artificial neural networks model allowed us classifying variables by decreasing order of influence [for the studied cases in our variables scale]: "Ctau", [N-NH[4][+]], [Br[-]], pH, temperature, DOC, alkalinity.
32. Ozone Application for Tofu Waste Water Treatment and Its Utilisation for Growth Medium of Microalgae Spirulina sp NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Hadiyanto, Hadiyanto 2018-02-01 Tofu industries produce waste water containing high organic contents and suspendid solid which is harmful if directly discharged to the environment. This waste can lead to disruption of water quality and lowering the environmental carrying capacity of waters around the tofu industries. Besides, the tofu waste water still contains high nitrogen contents which can be used for microalgae growth. This study was aimed to reduce the pollution load [chemical oxygen demand-COD] of tofue wastewater by using ozone treatments and to utilize nutrients in treated tofu waste water as medium growth of microalgae. The result showed that the reduction of COD by implementation of ozone treatment followed first order kinetic. Under variation of waste concentrations between 10-40%, the degradation rate constant was in the range of 0.00237-0.0149 min-1. The microalgae was able to grow in the tofue waste medium by the growth rate constants of 0.15-0.29 day-1. This study concluded that tofu waste was highly potent for microalgae growth.
33. Disinfection efficiency of peracetic acid, UV and ozone after enhanced primary treatment of municipal wastewater. PubMed Gehr, Ronald; Wagner, Monika; Veerasubramanian, Priya; Payment, Pierre 2003-11-01 The City of Montreal Wastewater Treatment Plant uses enhanced physicochemical processes [ferric and/or alum coagulation] for suspended solids and phosphorus removal. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of peracetic acid [PAA], UV, or ozone to inactivate the indicator organisms fecal coliforms, Enterococci, MS-2 coliphage, or Clostridium perfringens in the effluent from this plant. PAA doses to reach the target fecal coliform level of 9000 CFU/100mL exceeded 6 mg/L; similar results were obtained for enterococci, and no inactivation of Clostridium perfringens was observed. However a 1-log reduction of MS-2 occurred at PAA doses of 1.5 mg/L and higher. It was expected that this effluent would have a high ozone demand, and would require relatively high UV fluences, because of relatively high effluent COD, iron and suspended solids concentrations, and low UV transmittance. This was confirmed herein. For UV, the inactivation curve for fecal coliforms showed the typical two-stage shape, with the target of 1000 CFU/100 mL [to account for photoreactivation] occurring in the asymptote zone at fluences >20 mJ/cm[2]. In contrast, inactivation curves for MS-2 and Clostridium perfringens were linear. Clostridium perfringens was the most resistant organism. For ozone, inactivation was already observed before any residuals could be measured. The transferred ozone doses to reach target fecal coliform levels [ approximately 2-log reduction] were 30-50 mg/L. MS-2 was less resistant, but Clostridium perfringens was more resistant than fecal coliforms. The different behaviour of the four indicator organisms studied, depending on the disinfectant, suggests that a single indicator organism might not be appropriate. The required dose of any of the disinfectants is unlikely to be economically viable, and upstream changes to the plant will be needed.
34. Parametric Evaluation of an Innovative Ultra-Violet PhotocatalyticOxidation [UVPCO] Air Cleaning Technology for Indoor Applications DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Hodgson, Alfred T.; Sullivan, Douglas P.; Fisk, William J. 2005-10-31 An innovative Ultra-Violet Photocatalytic Oxidation [UVPCO] air cleaning technology employing a semitransparent catalyst coated on a semitransparent polymer substrate was evaluated to determine its effectiveness for treating mixtures of volatile organic compounds [VOCs] representative of indoor environments at low, indoor-relevant concentration levels. The experimental UVPCO contained four 30 by 30-cm honeycomb monoliths irradiated with nine UVA lamps arranged in three banks. A parametric evaluation of the effects of monolith thickness, air flow rate through the device, UV power, and reactant concentrations in inlet air was conducted for the purpose of suggesting design improvements. The UVPCO was challenged with three mixturesmore » of VOCs. A synthetic office mixture contained 27 VOCs commonly measured in office buildings. A building product mixture was created by combining sources including painted wallboard, composite wood products, carpet systems, and vinyl flooring. The third mixture contained formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Steady state concentrations were produced in a classroom laboratory or a 20-m{sup 3} chamber. Air was drawn through the UVPCO, and single-pass conversion efficiencies were measured from replicate samples collected upstream and downstream of the reactor. Thirteen experiments were conducted in total. In this UVPCO employing a semitransparent monolith design, an increase in monolith thickness is expected to result in general increases in both reaction efficiencies and absolute reaction rates for VOCs oxidized by photocatalysis. The thickness of individual monolith panels was varied between 1.2 and 5 cm [5 to 20 cm total thickness] in experiments with the office mixture. VOC reaction efficiencies and rates increased with monolith thickness. However, the analysis of the relationship was confounded by high reaction efficiencies in all configurations for a number of compounds. These reaction efficiencies approached or exceeded 90% for alcohols
35. Optimization of Industrial Ozone Generation with Pulsed Power NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Lopez, Jose; Guerrero, Daniel; Freilich, Alfred; Ramoino, Luca; Seton Hall University Team; Degremont Technologies-Ozonia Team 2013-09-01 Ozone [O3] is widely used for applications ranging from various industrial chemical synthesis processes to large-scale water treatment. The consequent surge in world-wide demand has brought about the requirement for ozone generation at the rate of several hundreds grams per kilowatt hour [g/kWh]. For many years, ozone has been generated by means of dielectric barrier discharges [DBD], where a high-energy electric field between two electrodes separated by a dielectric and gap containing pure oxygen or air produce various microplasmas. The resultant microplasmas provide sufficient energy to dissociate the oxygen molecules while allowing the proper energetics channels for the formation of ozone. This presentation will review the current power schemes used for large-scale ozone generation and explore the use of high-voltage nanosecond pulses with reduced electric fields. The created microplasmas in a high reduced electric field are expected to be more efficient for ozone generation. This is confirmed with the current results of this work which observed that the efficiency of ozone generation increases by over eight time when the rise time and pulse duration are shortened. Department of Physics, South Orange, NJ, USA.
36. Ozone therapy effects on biomarkers and lung function in asthma. PubMed Hernández Rosales, Frank A; Calunga Fernández, José L; Turrent Figueras, José; Menéndez Cepero, Silvia; Montenegro Perdomo, Adonis 2005-01-01 The relationship and behavior of serum immunoglobulin E [IgE] level, peripheral blood mononuclear cell [PBMC] human leukocyte antigen DR [HLA-DR] expression and erythrocyte glutathione antioxidant pathway in asthma patients treated with systemic ozone therapy have not been studied before. Asthma patients were treated about 1 year with three cycles [5 or 6 months each] with three different ozone therapy protocols. Ozone major autohemotherapy [MAHT] was applied at doses of 4 and 8 mg, 15 sessions each cycle; and ozone rectal insufflations [RI] at a dose of 10 mg, 20 sessions each cycle. Serum IgE, HLA-DR expression in PBMC and biomarkers for antioxidant pathway were measured before and at the end of each cycle. Lung function and symptoms test were recorded at the beginning and after the third cycle. IgE and HLA-DR decreased with the three types of treatments, while increments in reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutation reductase and glutathione S-transferase were achieved with all treatments. Lung function and symptoms test were markedly improved. However, in all parameters the best response was obtained in the order: MAHT at 8 mg better than MAHT at 4 mg better than RI at 10 mg. Before ozone treatment, glutathione antioxidant parameters were under the normal reference values, suggesting the occurrence of oxidative stress associated with atopic asthma. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of ozone therapy in reducing IgE and inflammatory mediators along with the induction of antioxidant elements. The study raises the role of systemic ozone therapy in atopic asthma by means of its immunomodulatory and oxidative stress regulation properties.
37. The use of ozone, ozone plus UV radiation, and aerobic microorganisms in the purification of some agro-industrial wastewaters. PubMed Benitez, F Javier; Acero, Juan L; Gonzalez, Teresa; Garcia, Juan 2002-08-01 The oxidation of the pollutant organic matter present in wastewaters generated during different stages in the black table-olive industry was investigated by using ozone alone or combined with UV radiation; by using aerobic microorganisms; and finally, by aerobic degradation of the previously ozonated wastewaters. In the ozonation processes, the removal of substrate [COD] and aromatic compounds, the decreases in BOD5 and pH, and the ozone consumed in the reaction were evaluated. A kinetic study was conducted that led to the evaluation of the stoichiometric ratio for the chemical reaction, as well as the rate constants for the substrate reduction and ozone disappearance. In the single aerobic degradation treatment, the evolution of substrate and biomass was monitored during the process, and a kinetic study was performed by applying the Contois model to the experimental data, giving the specific biokinetic constant, the cell yield coefficient, and the rate constant for the microorganism death phase. Finally, a combined process was performed, consisting in the aerobic degradation of pre-ozonated wastewaters, and the effect of such chemical pretreatment on the substrate removal and kinetic parameters of the later biological stage is discussed.
38. Demonstration of lipofuscin and Nissl bodies in crystal violet stained sections using a fluorescence technique or pyronin Y stain. PubMed Terr, L I 1986-09-01 This paper presents two simple, reliable methods for identification of lipofuscin and Nissl bodies in the same section. One method shows that lipofuscin stained with crystal violet retains its ability to fluoresce and can be observed under the fluorescence microscope after the stain has faded. Fading is accompanied by a gradual increase in the intensity of the fluorescence and is complete in about 5 min. Exciting illumination from this part of the spectrum also substantially fades staining of other autofluorescing tissue elements, such as lipids. Nonfluorescing structures, such as Nissl bodies, remain stained. By changing from transillumination with tungsten light to epifluorescent illumination and vice versa, both types of structures--Nissl bodies and lipofuscin--can be identified in the same section. The second technique uses pyronin Y for staining Nissl bodies in preparations previously stained with crystal violet. Nissl bodies are stained pink but lipofuscin remains violet. Lipofuscin in these sections also remains autofluorescent after the crystal violet stain has faded under violet or near-UV light.

1. Advanced treatment of biologically pretreated coal chemical industry wastewater using the catalytic ozonation process combined with a gas-liquid-solid internal circulating fluidized bed reactor. PubMed Li, Zhipeng; Liu, Feng; You, Hong; Ding, Yi; Yao, Jie; Jin, Chao 2018-04-01 This paper investigated the performance of the combined system of catalytic ozonation and the gas-liquid-solid internal circulating fluidized bed reactor for the advanced treatment of biologically pretreated coal chemical industry wastewater [CCIW]. The results indicated that with ozonation alone for 60min, the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand [COD] could reach 34%. The introduction of activated carbon, pumice, γ-Al 2 O 3 carriers improved the removal performance of COD, and the removal efficiency was increased by 8.6%, 4.2%, 2%, respectively. Supported with Mn, the catalytic performance of activated carbon and γ-Al 2 O 3 were improved significantly with COD removal efficiencies of 46.5% and 41.3%, respectively; however, the promotion effect of pumice supported with Mn was insignificant. Activated carbon supported with Mn had the best catalytic performance. The catalytic ozonation combined system of MnO X /activated carbon could keep ozone concentration at a lower level in the liquid phase, and promote the transfer of ozone from the gas phase to the liquid phase to improve ozonation efficiency.
2. Ozone height profiles using laser heterodyne radiometer NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Jain, S. L. 1994-01-01 The monitoring of vertical profiles of ozone and related minor constituents in the atmosphere are of great significance to understanding the complex interaction between atmospheric dynamics, chemistry and radiation budget. An ultra high spectral resolution tunable CO2 laser heterodyne radiometer has been designed, developed and set up at the National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi to obtain vertical profiles of various minor constituents the characteristic absorption lines in 9 to 11 micron spectral range. Due to its high spectral resolution the lines can be resolved completely and data obtained are inverted to get vertical profiles using an inversion technique developed by the author. In the present communication the salient features of the laser heterodyne system and the results obtained are discussed in detail.
3. Ozone dosing alters the biological potential and therapeutic outcomes of plasma rich in growth factors. PubMed Anitua, E; Zalduendo, M M; Troya, M; Orive, G 2015-04-01 Until now, ozone has been used in a rather empirical way. This in-vitro study investigates, for the first time, whether different ozone treatments of plasma rich in growth factors [PRGF] alter the biological properties and outcomes of this autologous platelet-rich plasma. Human plasma rich in growth factors was treated with ozone using one of the following protocols: a continuous-flow method; or a syringe method in which constant volumes of ozone and PRGF were mixed. In both cases, ozone was added before, during and after the addition of calcium chloride. Three ozone concentrations, of the therapeutic range 20, 40 and 80 μg/mL, were tested. Fibrin clot properties, growth factor content and the proliferative effect on primary osteoblasts and gingival fibroblasts were evaluated. Ozone treatment of PRGF using the continuous flow protocol impaired formation of the fibrin scaffold, drastically reduced the levels of growth factors and significantly decreased the proliferative potential of PRGF on primary osteoblasts and gingival fibroblasts. In contrast, treatment of PRGF with ozone using the syringe method, before, during and after the coagulation process, did not alter the biological outcomes of the autologous therapy. These findings suggest that ozone dose and the way that ozone combines with PRGF may alter the biological potential and therapeutic outcomes of PRGF. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
4. Effect of ozone on the microbiological status of five dried aromatic plants. PubMed Kazi, Martha; Parlapani, Foteini F; Boziaris, Ioannis S; Vellios, Evangelos K; Lykas, Christos 2018-03-01 Aromatic plants may be contaminated with a wide range of microorganisms, making them a potential health hazard when infused or added to ready-to-eat meals. To ensure safety, the effect of gaseous ozone treatment on the population of aerobic plate counts [APC], hygienic indicators [Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae] and fungi was investigated for five dried aromatic plants: oregano, thyme, mountain tea, lemon verbena and chamomile. Selection, isolation and further fungi identification were based on the phenotypic and macro- and microscopic characteristics. Prior to ozonation, APC on five dried aromatic plants was in the range 5-7 log colony-forming units [CFU] g -1 . The APC exhibited a 4 log reduction, from around 6.5 to 2.5 in the case of oregano, and only a 1-2 log reduction for other herbs after 30 or 60 min of 4 ppm gaseous ozone treatment. Enterococcus spp. and E. coli were not detected on any of the tested dried aromatic plants. The fungi counts were 2-4 log CFU g -1 before ozonation. Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp, Cladosporium spp, Alternaria spp, Fusarium spp., Ulocladium spp. and some unknown fungi were detected on plants before ozone treatment. Aspergillus spp. and/or Penicillium spp. were only detected on mountain tea and thyme plant material after 60 min of ozonation. The present study provides information about the efficiency of ozone on the microbial decontamination of dried aromatic plants. Treatment with gaseous ozone at 4 ppm for 30 min in the case of dried oregano and 60 min in the case of chamomile and lemon verbena could be used as alternative disinfection methods. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
5. Effect of blue and violet light on polymerization shrinkage vectors of a CQ/TPO-containing composite. PubMed Sampaio, Camila S; Atria, Pablo J; Rueggeberg, Frederick A; Yamaguchi, Satoshi; Giannini, Marcelo; Coelho, Paulo G; Hirata, Ronaldo; Puppin-Rontani, Regina M 2017-07-01 To evaluate the effect of light-curing wavelengths on composite filler particle displacement, and thus to visualize localized polymerization shrinkage in a resin-based composite [RBC] containing camphorquinone [CQ] and Lucirin TPO [TPO]. Three light-curing units [LCUs] were used to light-cure a RBC containing CQ and TPO: a violet-only, a blue-only, and a dual-wavelength, conventional [Polywave ® , emitting violet and blue wavelengths simultaneously]. Zirconia fillers were added to the RBC to act as filler particle displacement tracers. LCUs were characterized for total emitted power [mW] and spectral irradiant output [mW/cm 2 /nm]. 2-mm high, 7-mm diameter silanized glass cylindrical specimens were filled in a single increment with the RBC, and micro-computed tomography [μ-CT] scans were obtained before and after light-curing, according to each LCU [n=6]. Filler particle movement identified polymerization shrinkage vectors, traced using software, at five depths [from 0 up to 2mm]: top, top-middle, middle, middle-bottom and bottom. Considering different RBC depths within the same LCU, use of violet-only and conventional LCUs showed filler particle movement decreased with increased depth. Blue-only LCU showed homogeneous filler particle movement along the depths. Considering the effect of different LCUs within the same depth, filler particle movement within LCUs was not statistically different until the middle of the samples [P>.05]. However, at the middle-bottom and bottom depths [1.5 and 2mm, respectively], blue-only LCU compared to violet-only LCU showed higher magnitude of displacement vector values [P.05]. With respect to the direction of particle movement vectors, use of violet-only LCU showed a greater displacement when close to the incident violet LED; blue-only LCU showed equally distributed
6. Catalytic ozonation of dimethyl phthalate and chlorination disinfection by-product precursors over Ru/AC. PubMed Wang, Jianbing; Zhou, Yunrui; Zhu, Wanpeng; He, Xuwen 2009-07-15 Catalytic ozonation of dimethyl phthalate [DMP] in aqueous solution [5mg/L] under various reactions was performed to examine the effect of catalyst dosage, catalyst particle size, ozone dosage, and gas flow rate on the mineralization of DMP. The mineralization of DMP can be achieved via ozonation and the presence of Ru/AC could greatly accelerate the mineralization rate of DMP in ozonation process. In the continuous experiment of the Ru/AC catalyzed ozonation of DMP, total organic carbon [TOC] removals were kept stable around 75% during 42 h reaction. No leaching of ruthenium was observed in the treated water samples. The treatment of natural water using Ru/AC+O[3], Ru/AC+O[2] and ozonation alone was studied. In the Ru/AC+O[3] process, TOC removals, the reductions of the haloacetic acid formation potentials [HAAFPs], and the reductions of the trihalomethane formation potentials [THMFPs] of 11 water samples were 22-44%, 39-61% and 50-65%, respectively. Ru/AC+O[3] process was much more effective than ozonation alone for TOC removal and the reduction of disinfection by-product formation potential [DBPFP] in the treatment of natural water. It is a promising water treatment technology.
7. Ozonation of oil sands process-affected water accelerates microbial bioremediation. PubMed Martin, Jonathan W; Barri, Thaer; Han, Xiumei; Fedorak, Phillip M; El-Din, Mohamed Gamal; Perez, Leonidas; Scott, Angela C; Jiang, Jason Tiange 2010-11-01 Ozonation can degrade toxic naphthenic acids [NAs] in oil sands process-affected water [OSPW], but even after extensive treatment a residual NA fraction remains. Here we hypothesized that mild ozonation would selectively oxidize the most biopersistent NA fraction, thereby accelerating subsequent NA biodegradation and toxicity removal by indigenous microbes. OSPW was ozonated to achieve approximately 50% and 75% NA degradation, and the major ozonation byproducts included oxidized NAs [i.e., hydroxy- or keto-NAs]. However, oxidized NAs are already present in untreated OSPW and were shown to be formed during the microbial biodegradation of NAs. Ozonation alone did not affect OSPW toxicity, based on Microtox; however, there was a significant acceleration of toxicity removal in ozonated OSPW following inoculation with native microbes. Furthermore, all residual NAs biodegraded significantly faster in ozonated OSPW. The opposite trend was found for ozonated commercial NAs, which are known to contain no significant biopersistent fraction. Thus, we suggest that ozonation preferentially degraded the most biopersistent OSPW NA fraction, and that ozonation is complementary to the biodegradation capacity of microbial populations in OSPW. The toxicity of ozonated OSPW to higher organisms needs to be assessed, but there is promise that this technique could be applied to accelerate the bioremediation of large volumes of OSPW in Northern Alberta, Canada.
8. The Application of Ozone and Chitosan as Microbial Inhibitor Prawn Larvae Rearing NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Pringgenies, Delianis; Nur, Muhammad; Angelia, Rosti 2017-02-01 The application of ozon and chitosan solution was found to be effective means in hampering microbial growth since the introduction of ozon can inhibit microbial growth in aquatic environment and the fact that chitosan can act as a coagulant, effectively increasing water quality as prawn breeding medium and increasing the survival rate of prawn larvae. This research aims to measure the efficacy of ozon and chitosan usage in prawn larvae rearing, and to measure the survial rate of prawn larvae during the rearing stage. The study was carried out using experimental method in laboratory, with factorial research design using 3 treatment combinations and 1 control groups. The chitosan dose administered in this research was 25 ml in 25 L of sea water, euating to 10 ppm. The dissolved ozon in this research was measured at the concentration of 8.245 - 13.748 ppm. Weekly measurement of water quality in terms of temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen and dissolved ozon were carried out throughout the course of the research. Total microbial population in the water was measured by means of Total Plate Count [TPC] methiod in the Institute for Natural Medicines of Diponegoro University. Statistics figure from ”ANOVA” test suggested that the application of ozon and the introduction of chitosan in prawn larvae rearing media gave impact to the microbial population in the media. Results of BNT test showed that there was a significant difference between the measurement results of the 3 treatment combination groups and that of the control group. The highest prawn larvae survival rate was found in the media with combined ozon and chitosan treatment, which was recorded at 100%. The second highest survival rate was recorded in the treatement combination group of ozon and chitosan with 80%, and the lowest survival rate was attributed to the control group with 20% prawn larvae survival rate. It is concluded that treatment combination of 10 ppm chitosan and 8.245 - 13.748 ppm of ozon
9. Effects of ozonation pretreatment on natural organic matter and wastewater derived organic matter - Possible implications on the formation of ozonation by-products. PubMed Papageorgiou, Alexandros; Stylianou, Stylianos K; Kaffes, Pavlos; Zouboulis, Anastasios I; Voutsa, Dimitra 2017-03-01 The aim of this study was to investigate possible implications of natural and wastewater derived organic matter in river water that is subsequently used following treatment for drinking purposes. River water was subjected to lab-scale ozonation experiments under different ozone doses [0.1, 0.4, 0.8, 1.0 and 2.0 mgO 3 /mgC] and contact times [1, 3, 5, 8 and 10 min]. Mixtures of river water with humic acids or wastewaters [sewage wastewater and secondary effluents] at different proportions were also ozonated. Dissolved organic carbon and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon concentrations as well as spectroscopic characteristics [UV absorbance and fluorescence intensities] of different types of dissolved organic matter and possible changes due to the ozonation treatment are presented. River water, humic substances and wastewater exhibited distinct spectroscopic characteristics that could serve for pollution source tracing. Wastewater impacted surface water results in higher formation of carbonyl compounds. However, the formation yield [μg/mgC] of wastewaters was lower than that of surface water possibly due to different composition of wastewater derived organic matter and the presence of scavengers, which may limit the oxidative efficiency of ozone. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
10. Consumer acceptance of ozone-treated whole shell eggs. PubMed Kamotani, Setsuko; Hooker, Neal; Smith, Stephanie; Lee, Ken 2010-03-01 Ozone-based processing is a novel technology with potentially fewer adverse effects than in-shell thermal pasteurization of eggs. There are no consumer acceptance studies published on ozone-treated eggs. This study examines consumers' ability to detect changes between ozone-treated, thermal-treated, and fresh untreated eggs. Consumers [n = 111] evaluated visual attributes of uncooked eggs and a separate group of consumers [n = 132] evaluated acceptability of cooked eggs. Consumers evaluated attribute intensity of the eggs. The yolks and albumens of the thermal-treated and ozone-treated eggs were perceived to be significantly cloudier than the untreated control, while the ozone-treated eggs were more similar to control [P < 0.05]. The yolks of ozone-treated eggs were perceived to have significantly lower heights and greater spreads than the others [P < 0.05]. Despite these perceptions, overall visual appeal of ozone-treated eggs was not significantly different from control eggs. A separate set of consumers used hedonic scales to evaluate overall liking, appearance, aroma, flavor, and texture of cooked eggs. Just-about-right [JAR] scales were used to rate the color, moistness, and texture. There were no differences on any attribute scores between the treatments, except thermal-treated and ozone-treated were perceived as less moist than the control. There were no adverse effects on consumer acceptance of eggs, treated with ozone, with acceptance the same as an untreated control. These findings are useful as ozone pasteurization can enhance the safety of fresh shell eggs to meet the goals of the U.S. Egg Safety Action Plan. The U.S. Egg Safety Action Plan requires all shell eggs to be pasteurized to prevent foodborne illness. Heat pasteurization partially cooks the egg, so an alternative process uses ozone with less heat. This study shows the ozone pasteurization has no detectable sensory defects.
11. DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCT FORMATION AND CONTROL BY OZONATION AND BIOTREATMENT EPA Science Inventory There is increasing interest in using ozone in water treatment because it is a strong disinfectant and is able to oxidize the precursors of some disinfection by-products [DBPs]. However, ozonation itself produces DBPs, like aldehydes and ketones, and increases the concentration ...
12. Climatology of Ultra Violet [UV] irradiance as measured through the Belgian ground-based monitoring network during the time period of 1995-2014 NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Pandey, Praveen; Gillotay, Didier; Depiesse, Cedric 2016-04-01 In this study we describe the network of ground-based ultraviolet [UV] radiation monitoring stations in Belgium. The evolution of the entire network, together with the details of measuring instruments is given. The observed cumulative irradiances -UVB, UVA and total solar irradiance [TSI]- over the course of measurement for three stations -a northern [Ostende], central [Uccle] and a southern [Redu]- are shown. The longest series of measurement shown in this study is at Uccle, Brussels, from 1995 till 2014. Thus, the variation of the UV index [UVI], together with the variation of irradiances during summer and winter months at Uccle are shown as a part of this climatological study. The trend of UVB irradiance over the above mentioned three stations is shown. This UVB trend is studied in conjunction with the long-term satellite-based total column ozone value over Belgium, which shows two distinct trends marked by a change point. The total column ozone trend following the change point is positive. It is also seen that the UVB trend is positive for the urban/sub-urban sites: Uccle and Redu. Whereas the UVB trend at Ostende, which is a coastal site, is not positive. A possible explanation of this relation between total column ozone and UVB trend could be associated with aerosols, which is shown in this paper by means of a radiative transfer model based study -as a part of a preliminary investigation. It is seen that the UVI is influenced by the type of aerosols.
13. Application of membrane and ozonation technologies to remove color from agro-industry effluents. PubMed Koyuncu, I; Sevimli, M F; Ozturk, I; Aydin, A F 2001-01-01 The results of membrane and ozonation experiments carried out on various agro-industry effluents including fermentation [baker's yeast], corrugated board, opium alkaloid and textile dying industries are presented. The experiments were performed using lab-scale membrane and ozonation reactors. Color removals were in the range of 80 to 99% for the membrane treatment studies. Ozonation experiments have shown that color removals in the range of 83 to 98% are possible for the investigated wastewaters. Final color levels were lower than 100 Pt-Co unit, which is quite acceptable aesthetically. The relative unit treatment costs of ozonation were about two times higher than membrane systems especially for very strong colored effluents including fermentation and opium alkaloid industries. The study has demonstrated that both membrane and ozonation technologies are viable options for color removal.
14. Towards reducing DBP formation potential of drinking water by favouring direct ozone over hydroxyl radical reactions during ozonation. PubMed De Vera, Glen Andrew; Stalter, Daniel; Gernjak, Wolfgang; Weinberg, Howard S; Keller, Jurg; Farré, Maria José 2015-12-15 When ozonation is employed in advanced water treatment plants to produce drinking water, dissolved organic matter reacts with ozone [O3] and/or hydroxyl radicals [OH] affecting disinfection byproduct [DBP] formation with subsequently used chlorine-based disinfectants. This study presents the effects of varying exposures of O3 and •OH on DBP concentrations and their associated toxicity generated after subsequent chlorination. DBP formation potential tests and in vitro bioassays were conducted after batch ozonation experiments of coagulated surface water with and without addition of tertiary butanol [t-BuOH, 10 mM] and hydrogen peroxide [H2O2, 1 mg/mg O3], and at different pH [6-8] and transferred ozone doses [0-1 mg/mg TOC]. Although ozonation led to a 24-37% decrease in formation of total trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, and trihaloacetamides, an increase in formation of total trihalonitromethanes, chloral hydrate, and haloketones was observed. This effect however was less pronounced for samples ozonated at conditions favoring molecular ozone [e.g., pH 6 and in the presence of t-BuOH] over •OH reactions [e.g., pH 8 and in the presence of H2O2]. Compared to ozonation only, addition of H2O2 consistently enhanced formation of all DBP groups [20-61%] except trihalonitromethanes. This proves that •OH-transformed organic matter is more susceptible to halogen incorporation. Analogously, adsorbable organic halogen [AOX] concentrations increased under conditions that favor •OH reactions. The ratio of unknown to known AOX, however, was greater at conditions that promote direct O3 reactions. Although significant correlation was found between AOX and genotoxicity with the p53 bioassay, toxicity tests using 4 in vitro bioassays showed relatively low absolute differences between various ozonation conditions. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
15. New Mobile Lidar Systems Aboard Ultra-Light Aircrafts NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Chazette, Patrick; Shang, Xiaoxia; Totems, Julien; Marnas, Fabien; Sanak, Joseph 2013-04-01 Two lidar systems embedded on ultra light aircraft [ULA] flew over the Rhone valley, south-east of France, to characterize the vertical extend of pollution aerosols in this area influenced by large industrial sites. The main industrial source is the Etang de Berre [43°28' N, 5°01' E], close to Marseille city. The emissions are mainly due to metallurgy and petrochemical factories. Traffic related to Marseille's area contribute to pollution with its ~1500000 inhabitants. Note that the maritime traffic close to Marseille may play an important role due to its position as the leading French harbor . For the previous scientific purpose and for the first time on ULA, we flew a mini-N2 Raman lidar system to help the assessment of the aerosol optical properties. Another Ultra-Violet Rayleigh-Mie lidar has been integrated aboard a second ULA. The lidars are compact and eye safe instruments. They operate at the wavelength of 355 nm with a sampling along the line-of-sight of 0.75 m. Different flights plans were tested to use the two lidars in synergy. We will present the different approaches and discuss both their advantages and limitations. Acknowledgements: the lidar systems have been developed by CEA. They have been deployed with the support of FERRING France. We acknowledge the ULA pilots Franck Toussaint, François Bernard and José Coutet, and the Air Creation ULA Company for logistical help during the ULA campaign.
16. Reconciliation of Halogen-Induced Ozone Loss with the Total-Column Ozone Record NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Shepherd, T. G.; Plummer, D. A.; Scinocca, J. F.; Hegglin, M. I.; Fioletov, V. E.; Reader, M. C.; Remsberg, E.; von Clarmann, T.; Wang, H. J. 2014-01-01 The observed depletion of the ozone layer from the 1980s onwards is attributed to halogen source gases emitted by human activities. However, the precision of this attribution is complicated by year-to-year variations in meteorology, that is, dynamical variability, and by changes in tropospheric ozone concentrations. As such, key aspects of the total-column ozone record, which combines changes in both tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, remain unexplained, such as the apparent absence of a decline in total-column ozone levels before 1980, and of any long-term decline in total-column ozone levels in the tropics. Here we use a chemistry-climate model to estimate changes in halogen-induced ozone loss between 1960 and 2010; the model is constrained by observed meteorology to remove the eects of dynamical variability, and driven by emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors to separate out changes in tropospheric ozone. We show that halogen-induced ozone loss closely followed stratospheric halogen loading over the studied period. Pronounced enhancements in ozone loss were apparent in both hemispheres following the volcanic eruptions of El Chichon and, in particular, Mount Pinatubo, which significantly enhanced stratospheric aerosol loads. We further show that approximately 40% of the long-term non-volcanic ozone loss occurred before 1980, and that long-term ozone loss also occurred in the tropical stratosphere. Finally, we show that halogeninduced ozone loss has declined by over 10% since stratospheric halogen loading peaked in the late 1990s, indicating that the recovery of the ozone layer is well underway.
17. Effects of stratospheric ozone recovery on photochemistry and ozone air quality in the troposphere NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Zhang, H.; Wu, S.; Huang, Y.; Wang, Y. 2014-04-01 There has been significant stratospheric ozone depletion since the late 1970s due to ozone-depleting substances [ODSs]. With the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments and adjustments, stratospheric ozone is expected to recover towards its pre-1980 level in the coming decades. In this study, we examine the implications of stratospheric ozone recovery for the tropospheric chemistry and ozone air quality with a global chemical transport model [GEOS-Chem]. With a full recovery of the stratospheric ozone, the projected increases in ozone column range from 1% over the low latitudes to more than 10% over the polar regions. The sensitivity factor of troposphere ozone photolysis rate, defined as the percentage changes in surface ozone photolysis rate for 1% increase in stratospheric ozone column, shows significant seasonal variation but is always negative with absolute value larger than one. The expected stratospheric ozone recovery is found to affect the tropospheric ozone destruction rates much more than the ozone production rates. Significant decreases in surface ozone photolysis rates due to stratospheric ozone recovery are simulated. The global average tropospheric OH decreases by 1.7%, and the global average lifetime of tropospheric ozone increases by 1.5%. The perturbations to tropospheric ozone and surface ozone show large seasonal and spatial variations. General increases in surface ozone are calculated for each season, with increases by up to 0.8 ppbv in the remote areas. Increases in ozone lifetime by up to 13% are found in the troposphere. The increased lifetimes of tropospheric ozone in response to stratospheric ozone recovery enhance the intercontinental transport of ozone and global pollution, in particular for the summertime. The global background ozone attributable to Asian emissions is calculated to increase by up to 15% or 0.3 ppbv in the Northern Hemisphere in response to the projected stratospheric ozone recovery.
18. 77 FR 1463 - Carbazole Violet Pigment 23 From the People's Republic of China: Final Rescission of Antidumping... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-01-10 ... finished pigment in the form of presscake and dry color. Pigment dispersions in any form [e.g., pigments... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-892] Carbazole Violet Pigment 23... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on carbazole violet pigment 23 [CVP-23] from the People's...
19. 76 FR 55003 - Carbazole Violet Pigment 23 From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Intent To Rescind... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-09-06 ... finished pigment in the form of presscake and dry color. Pigment dispersions in any form [e.g., pigments... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-570-892] Carbazole Violet Pigment 23... antidumping duty order on carbazole violet pigment 23 [CVP 23] from the People's Republic of China [PRC]. This...
20. Inactivation of Template-Directed Misfolding of Infectious Prion Protein by Ozone PubMed Central Ding, Ning; Price, Luke M.; Braithwaite, Shannon L.; Balachandran, Aru; Belosevic, Miodrag 2012-01-01 Misfolded prions [PrPSc] are well known for their resistance to conventional decontamination processes. The potential risk of contamination of the water environment, as a result of disposal of specified risk materials [SRM], has raised public concerns. Ozone is commonly utilized in the water industry for inactivation of microbial contaminants and was tested in this study for its ability to inactivate prions [263K hamster scrapie = PrPSc]. Treatment variables included initial ozone dose [7.6 to 25.7 mg/liter], contact time [5 s and 5 min], temperature [4°C and 20°C], and pH [pH 4.4, 6.0, and 8.0]. Exposure of dilute suspensions of the infected 263K hamster brain homogenates [IBH] [0.01%] to ozone resulted in the in vitro destruction of the templating properties of PrPSc, as measured by the protein misfolding cyclic amplification [PMCA] assay. The highest levels of prion inactivation [≥4 log10] were observed with ozone doses of 13.0 mg/liter, at pH 4.4 and 20°C, resulting in a CT [the product of residual ozone concentration and contact time] value as low as 0.59 mg · liter−1 min. A comparison of ozone CT requirements among various pathogens suggests that prions are more susceptible to ozone degradation than some model bacteria and protozoa and that ozone treatment may be an effective solution for inactivating prions in water and wastewater. PMID:22138993

1. Kinetic assessment and modeling of an ozonation step for full-scale municipal wastewater treatment: micropollutant oxidation, by-product formation and disinfection. PubMed Zimmermann, Saskia G; Wittenwiler, Mathias; Hollender, Juliane; Krauss, Martin; Ort, Christoph; Siegrist, Hansruedi; von Gunten, Urs 2011-01-01 The kinetics of oxidation and disinfection processes during ozonation in a full-scale reactor treating secondary wastewater effluent were investigated for seven ozone doses ranging from 0.21 to 1.24 g O[3] g[-1] dissolved organic carbon [DOC]. Substances reacting fast with ozone, such as diclofenac or carbamazepine [k[P, O3] > 10[4] M[-1] s[-1]], were eliminated within the gas bubble column, except for the lowest ozone dose of 0.21 g O[3] g[-1] DOC. For this low dose, this could be attributed to short-circuiting within the reactor. Substances with lower ozone reactivity [k[P, O3] < 10[4] M[-1] s[-1]] were only fully eliminated for higher ozone doses. The predictions of micropollutant oxidation based on coupling reactor hydraulics with ozone chemistry and reaction kinetics were up to a factor of 2.5 higher than full-scale measurements. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the observed differences were higher than model uncertainties. The overestimation of micropollutant oxidation was attributed to a protection of micropollutants from ozone attack by the interaction with aquatic colloids. Laboratory-scale batch experiments using wastewater from the same full-scale treatment plant could predict the oxidation of slowly-reacting micropollutants on the full-scale level within a factor of 1.5. The Rct value, the experimentally determined ratio of the concentrations of hydroxyl radicals and ozone, was identified as a major contribution to this difference. An increase in the formation of bromate, a potential human carcinogen, was observed with increasing ozone doses. The final concentration for the highest ozone dose of 1.24 g O[3] g[-1] DOC was 7.5 μg L[-1], which is below the drinking water standard of 10 μg L[-1]. N-Nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA] formation of up to 15 ng L[-1] was observed in the first compartment of the reactor, followed by a slight elimination during sand filtration. Assimilable organic carbon [AOC] increased up to 740 μg AOC L[-1], with no clear trend
2. Evaluation of modified crystal violet chromoendoscopy procedure using new mucosal pit pattern classification for detection of Barrett's dysplastic lesions. PubMed Yuki, T; Amano, Y; Kushiyama, Y; Takahashi, Y; Ose, T; Moriyama, I; Fukuhara, H; Ishimura, N; Koshino, K; Furuta, K; Ishihara, S; Adachi, K; Kinoshita, Y 2006-05-01 Pit pattern diagnosis is important for endoscopic detection of dysplastic Barrett's lesions, though using magnification endoscopy can be difficult and laborious. We investigated the usefulness of a modified crystal violet chromoendoscopy procedure and utilised a new pit pattern classification for diagnosis of dysplastic Barrett's lesions. A total of 1,030 patients suspected of having a columnar lined oesophagus were examined, of whom 816 demonstrated a crystal violet-stained columnar lined oesophagus. The early group of patients underwent 0.05% crystal violet chromoendoscopy, while the later group was examined using 0.03% crystal violet with 3.0% acetate. A targeted biopsy of the columnar lined oesophagus was performed using crystal violet staining after making a diagnosis of closed or open type pit pattern with a newly proposed system of classification. The relationship between type of pit pattern and histologically identified dysplastic Barrett's lesions was evaluated. Dysplastic Barrett's lesions were identified in biopsy samples with an open type pit pattern with a sensitivity of 96.0%. Further, Barrett's mucosa with the intestinal predominant mucin phenotype was closely associated with the open type pit pattern [sensitivity 81.9%, specificity 95.6%]. The new pit pattern classification for diagnosis of Barrett's mucosa was found to be useful for identification of cases with dysplastic lesions and possible malignant potential using a crystal violet chromoendoscopic procedure.
3. CONTRIBUTION TO INDOOR OZONE LEVELS OF AN OZONE GENERATOR EPA Science Inventory This report gives results of a study of a commonly used commercially available ozone generator, undertaken to determine its impact on indoor ozone levels. xperiment were conducted in a typical mechanically ventilated office and in a test house. he generated ozone and the in-room ...
4. Antarctic Ozone Hole, 2000 NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] 2002-01-01 Each spring the ozone layer over Antarctica nearly disappears, forming a 'hole' over the entire continent. The hole is created by the interaction of some man-made chemicals-freon, for example-with Antarctica's unique weather patterns and extremely cold temperatures. Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun, thereby protecting living things. Since the ozone hole was discovered many of the chemicals that destroy ozone have been banned, but they will remain in the atmosphere for decades. In 2000, the ozone hole grew quicker than usual and exceptionally large. By the first week in September the hole was the largest ever-11.4 million square miles. The top image shows the average total column ozone values over Antarctica for September 2000. [Total column ozone is the amount of ozone from the ground to the top of the atmosphere. A relatively typical measurement of 300 Dobson Units is equivalent to a layer of ozone 0.12 inches thick on the Earth's surface. Levels below 220 Dobson Units are considered to be significant ozone depletion.] The record-breaking hole is likely the result of lower than average ozone levels during the Antarctic fall and winter, and exceptionally cold temperatures. In October, however [bottom image], the hole shrank dramatically, much more quickly than usual. By the end of October, the hole was only one-third of it's previous size. In a typical year, the ozone hole does not collapse until the end of November. NASA scientists were surprised by this early shrinking and speculate it is related to the region's weather. Global ozone levels are measured by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer [TOMS]. For more information about ozone, read the Earth Observatory's ozone fact sheet, view global ozone data and see these ozone images. Images by Greg Shirah, NASA GSFC Scientific Visualization Studio.
5. Development of Compact Ozonizer with High Ozone Output by Pulsed Power NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Tanaka, Fumiaki; Ueda, Satoru; Kouno, Kanako; Sakugawa, Takashi; Akiyama, Hidenori; Kinoshita, Youhei Conventional ozonizer with a high ozone output using silent or surface discharges needs a cooling system and a dielectric barrier, and therefore becomes a large machine. A compact ozonizer without the cooling system and the dielectric barrier has been developed by using a pulsed power generated discharge. The wire to plane electrodes made of metal have been used. However, the ozone output was low. Here, a compact and high repetition rate pulsed power generator is used as an electric source of a compact ozonizer. The ozone output of 6.1 g/h and the ozone yield of 86 g/kWh are achieved at 500 pulses per second, input average power of 280 W and an air flow rate of 20 L/min.
6. Spectral enhancement of leucocrystal violet treated footwear impression evidence in blood. PubMed Spence, Lindsay; Asmussen, Gary 2003-03-27 The results presented demonstrate the capacity for spectral enhancement to substantially improve the forensic examination of footwear impressions in blood treated with leucocrystal violet [LCV]. The UV-Vis absorption spectra were generated of [i] an aqueous solution of leucocrystal violet, [ii] leucocrystal violet in 3% H[2]O[2], [iii] LCV working solution and [iv] whole blood added to LCV working solution. The resultant fluorescence emission spectra were subsequently generated [lambda[ex]=630nm, lambda[em]=661-900nm]. The results indicate that the UV-Vis absorption spectra of an unbuffered solution of whole blood with LCV working solution produces a strong absorbance curve with a maxima at 630nm. Subsequent excitation at this wavelength and generation of the emission spectrum in the fluorescence mode indicates that a solution of whole blood added to LCV working solution is an extremely weak fluorophore. Therefore, to enable an adequate and timely enhancement of blood impression evidence treated with LCV utilising either visible fluorescence or infrared luminescence requires [i] selection of the most appropriate excitation wavelength [lambda[ex]] and emission wavelength [lambda[em]] with extremely narrow band pass filters, which in the absence of substrate matrix interference is excitation at 630nm producing the emission maxima at 665nm and [ii] a visual enhancement system such as a CCD colour IR video camera with image integration.
7. Sub-mm Scale Fiber Guided Deep/Vacuum Ultra-Violet Optical Source for Trapped Mercury Ion Clocks NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Yi, Lin; Burt, Eric A.; Huang, Shouhua; Tjoelker, Robert L. 2013-01-01 We demonstrate the functionality of a mercury capillary lamp with a diameter in the sub-mm range and deep ultraviolet [DUV]/ vacuum ultraviolet [VUV] radiation delivery via an optical fiber integrated with the capillary. DUV spectrum control is observed by varying the fabrication parameters such as buffer gas type and pressure, capillary diameter, electrical resonator design, and temperature. We also show spectroscopic data of the 199Hg+ hyper-fine transition at 40.5GHz when applying the above fiber optical design. We present efforts toward micro-plasma generation in hollow-core photonic crystal fiber with related optical design and theoretical estimations. This new approach towards a more practical DUV optical interface could benefit trapped ion clock developments for future ultra-stable frequency reference and time-keeping applications.
8. 21 CFR 74.2602 - D&C Violet No. 2. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-04-01 ... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false D&C Violet No. 2. 74.2602 Section 74.2602 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR... safely used for coloring externally applied cosmetics in amounts consistent with good manufacturing...
9. Nature and origin of the violet stains on the walls of a Roman tomb. PubMed Dominguez-Moñino, Irene; Diaz-Herraiz, Marta; Jurado, Valme; Laiz, Leonila; Miller, Ana Z; Santos, Juan Luis; Alonso, Esteban; Saiz-Jimenez, Cesareo 2017-11-15 The Circular Mausoleum tomb [Roman Necropolis of Carmona, Spain] dates back from the first century AD and is characterized by a dense microbial [phototrophic] colonization on the walls and ceiling. However, some walls exhibited an important number of violet stains of unknown origin. The microbial communities of these violet stains are mainly composed of cyanobacteria, streptomycetes and fungi. A strain of Streptomyces parvus, isolated from the walls, produces a violet pigment in culture media. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of the culture extracts obtained from this Streptomyces revealed the presence of a few granaticins, pigments with a benzoisochromanequinone structure. When metabolically active in the tomb, S. parvus synthesizes the pigments that diffuse into the mortar. During rain and/or wetting periods, the pigments are solubilized by alkaline waters and elute from the starting position to the surrounding mortar, enlarging the pigmented area and thus contributing to this exceptional biodeterioration phenomenon. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
10. Sexual Dimorphism and Retinal Mosaic Diversification following the Evolution of a Violet Receptor in Butterflies. PubMed McCulloch, Kyle J; Yuan, Furong; Zhen, Ying; Aardema, Matthew L; Smith, Gilbert; Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge; Andolfatto, Peter; Briscoe, Adriana D 2017-09-01 Numerous animal lineages have expanded and diversified the opsin-based photoreceptors in their eyes underlying color vision behavior. However, the selective pressures giving rise to new photoreceptors and their spectral tuning remain mostly obscure. Previously, we identified a violet receptor [UV2] that is the result of a UV opsin gene duplication specific to Heliconius butterflies. At the same time the violet receptor evolved, Heliconius evolved UV-yellow coloration on their wings, due to the pigment 3-hydroxykynurenine [3-OHK] and the nanostructure architecture of the scale cells. In order to better understand the selective pressures giving rise to the violet receptor, we characterized opsin expression patterns using immunostaining [14 species] and RNA-Seq [18 species], and reconstructed evolutionary histories of visual traits in five major lineages within Heliconius and one species from the genus Eueides. Opsin expression patterns are hyperdiverse within Heliconius. We identified six unique retinal mosaics and three distinct forms of sexual dimorphism based on ommatidial types within the genus Heliconius. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis revealed independent losses of opsin expression, pseudogenization events, and relaxation of selection on UVRh2 in one lineage. Despite this diversity, the newly evolved violet receptor is retained across most species and sexes surveyed. Discriminability modeling of behaviorally preferred 3-OHK yellow wing coloration suggests that the violet receptor may facilitate Heliconius color vision in the context of conspecific recognition. Our observations give insights into the selective pressures underlying the origins of new visual receptors. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
11. Efficacy and fumigation characteristics of ozone in stored maize. PubMed Kells, S A.; Mason, L J.; Maier, D E.; Woloshuk, C P. 2001-10-01 This study evaluated the efficacy of ozone as a fumigant to disinfest stored maize. Treatment of 8.9tonnes [350bu] of maize with 50ppm ozone for 3d resulted in 92-100% mortality of adult red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum [Herbst], adult maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais [Motsch.], and larval Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella [Hübner] and reduced by 63% the contamination level of the fungus Aspergillus parasiticus Speare on the kernel surface. Ozone fumigation of maize had two distinct phases. Phase 1 was characterized by rapid degradation of the ozone and slow movement through the grain. In Phase 2, the ozone flowed freely through the grain with little degradation and occurred once the molecular sites responsible for ozone degradation became saturated. The rate of saturation depended on the velocity of the ozone/air stream. The optimum apparent velocity for deep penetration of ozone into the grain mass was 0.03m/s, a velocity that is achievable in typical storage structures with current fans and motors. At this velocity 85% of the ozone penetrated 2.7m into the column of grain in 0.8d during Phase 1 and within 5d a stable degradation rate of 1ppm/0.3m was achieved. Optimum velocity for Phase 2 was 0.02m/s. At this velocity, 90% of the ozone dose penetrated 2.7m in less than 0.5d. These data demonstrate the potential usefulness of using ozone in managing stored maize and possibly other grains.
12. Coagulation and oxidation for controlling ultrafiltration membrane fouling in drinking water treatment: Application of ozone at low dose in submerged membrane tank. PubMed Yu, Wenzheng; Graham, Nigel J D; Fowler, Geoffrey D 2016-05-15 Coagulation prior to ultrafiltration [UF] is widely applied for treating contaminated surface water sources for potable supply. While beneficial, coagulation alone is unable to control membrane fouling effectively in many cases, and there is continuing interest in the use of additional, complementary methods such as oxidation in the pre-treatment of raw water prior to UF. In this study, the application of ozone at low dose in the membrane tank immediately following coagulation has been evaluated at laboratory-scale employing model raw water. In parallel tests with and without the application of ozone, the impact of applied ozone doses of 0.5 mg L[-1] and 1.5 mg L[-1] [approximately 0.18 mg L[-1] and 0.54 mg L[-1] consumed ozone, respectively] on the increase of trans-membrane pressure [TMP] was evaluated and correlated with the quantity and nature of membrane deposits, both as a cake layer and within membrane pores. The results showed that a dose of 0.5 mgO3 L[-1] gave a membrane fouling rate that was substantially lower than without ozone addition, while a dose of 1.5 mgO3 L[-1] was able to prevent fouling effects significantly [no increase in TMP]. Ozone was found to decrease the concentration of bacteria [especially the concentration of bacteria per suspended solid] in the membrane tank, and to alter the nature of dissolved organic matter by increasing the proportion of hydrophilic substances. Ozone decreased the concentration of extracellular polymeric substances [EPS], such as polysaccharides and proteins, in the membrane cake layer; the reduced EPS and bacterial concentrations resulted in a much thinner cake layer, although the suspended solids concentration was much higher in the ozone added membrane tank. Ozone also decreased the accumulation and hydrophobicity of organic matter within the membrane pores, leading to minimal irreversible fouling. Therefore, the application of low-dose ozone within the UF membrane tank is a potentially important
13. Multimodal evaluation of ultra-short laser pulses treatment for skin burn injuries. PubMed Santos, Moises Oliveira Dos; Latrive, Anne; De Castro, Pedro Arthur Augusto; De Rossi, Wagner; Zorn, Telma Maria Tenorio; Samad, Ricardo Elgul; Freitas, Anderson Zanardi; Cesar, Carlos Lenz; Junior, Nilson Dias Vieira; Zezell, Denise Maria 2017-03-01 Thousands of people die every year from burn injuries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of high intensity femtosecond lasers as an auxiliary treatment of skin burns. We used an in vivo animal model and monitored the healing process using 4 different imaging modalities: histology, Optical Coherence Tomography [OCT], Second Harmonic Generation [SHG], and Fourier Transform Infrared [FTIR] spectroscopy. 3 dorsal areas of 20 anesthetized Wistar rats were burned by water vapor exposure and subsequently treated either by classical surgical debridement, by laser ablation, or left without treatment. Skin burn tissues were non-invasively characterized by OCT images and biopsied for further histopathology analysis, SHG imaging and FTIR spectroscopy at 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after burn. The laser protocol was found as efficient as the classical treatment for promoting the healing process. The study concludes to the validation of femtosecond ultra-short pulses laser treatment for skinburns, with the advantage of minimizing operatory trauma.
14. Novel test procedure to evaluate the treatability of wastewater with ozone. PubMed Schindler Wildhaber, Yael; Mestankova, Hana; Schärer, Michael; Schirmer, Kristin; Salhi, Elisabeth; von Gunten, Urs 2015-05-15 Organic micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, estrogens or pesticides enter the environment continuously through the effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plants [WWTPs]. Enhanced treatment of wastewater [WW] by ozone [O3] is probably one of the simplest measures for abatement of organic micropollutants to avoid their discharge to the aquatic environment. During ozonation most organic micropollutants present in treated WW are oxidized either by a direct reaction with O3 or by secondarily formed hydroxyl radicals [OH]. However, undesired oxidation by-products from the oxidative transformation of matrix components can also be formed. A modular laboratory decision tool based on the findings of previous investigations is presented to test the feasibility of ozonation as an option to upgrade specific WWTPs. These modules consist of investigations to assess [i] the matrix effects on ozone stability, [ii] the efficiency of micropollutant removal, [iii] the oxidation by-product formation, as well as [iv] bioassays to measure specific and unspecific toxicity of the treated WWs. Matrix effects on ozone stability [quantified as O3 and OH exposures] can give first indications on the suitability of an ozonation step. Ozonation of WWs yielding O3 and OH exposures and micropollutant abatement similar to reference values evoked a significant improvement of the water quality as indicated by a broad range of bioassays. Irregular behavior of the ozonation points towards unknown compounds, possibly leading to the formation of undesired degradation products. It has been observed that in such WWs ozonation partly enhanced toxicity. In summary, the presented tiered laboratory test procedure represents a relatively cheap and straight-forward methodology to evaluate the feasibility of ozonation to upgrade specific WWTPs for micropollutant removal based on chemical and biological measurements. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
15. Enhanced treatment of secondary municipal wastewater effluent: comparing [biological] filtration and ozonation in view of micropollutant removal, unselective effluent toxicity, and the potential for real-time control. PubMed Chys, Michael; Demeestere, Kristof; Ingabire, Ange Sabine; Dries, Jan; Van Langenhove, Herman; Van Hulle, Stijn W H 2017-07-01 Ozonation and three [biological] filtration techniques [trickling filtration [TF], slow sand filtration [SSF] and biological activated carbon [BAC] filtration] have been evaluated in different combinations as tertiary treatment for municipal wastewater effluent. The removal of 18 multi-class pharmaceuticals, as model trace organic contaminants [TrOCs], has been studied. [Biological] activated carbon filtration could reduce the amount of TrOCs significantly [>99%] but is cost-intensive for full-scale applications. Filtration techniques mainly depending on biodegradation mechanisms [TF and SSF] are found to be inefficient for TrOCs removal as a stand alone technique. Ozonation resulted in 90% removal of the total amount of quantified TrOCs, but a post-ozonation step is needed to cope with an increased unselective toxicity. SSF following ozonation showed to be the only technique able to reduce the unselective toxicity to the same level as before ozonation. In view of process control, innovative correlation models developed for the monitoring and control of TrOC removal during ozonation, are verified for their applicability during ozonation in combination with TF, SSF or BAC. Particularly for the poorly ozone reactive TrOCs, statistically significant models were obtained that correlate TrOC removal and reduction in UVA 254 as an online measured surrogate parameter.
16. Evaluation of Ultra-Violet Photocatalytic Oxidation [UVPCO] forIndoor Air Applications: Conversion of Volatile Organic Compounds at LowPart-per-Billion Concentrations DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Hodgson, Alfred T.; Sullivan, Douglas P.; Fisk, William J. 2005-09-30 Efficient removal of indoor generated airborne particles and volatile organic compounds [VOCs] in office buildings and other large buildings may allow for a reduction in outdoor air supply rates with concomitant energy savings while still maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in these buildings. Ultra-Violet Photocatalytic Oxidation [UVPCO] air cleaners have the potential to achieve the necessary reductions in indoor VOC concentrations at relatively low cost. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted with a scaled, prototype UVPCO device designed for use in a duct system. The experimental UVPCO contained two 30 by 30-cm honeycomb monoliths coated with titanium dioxide andmore » 3% by weight tungsten oxide. The monoliths were irradiated with 12 UVC lamps arranged in four banks. The UVPCO was challenged with four mixtures of VOCs typical of mixtures encountered in indoor air. A synthetic office mixture contained 27 VOCs commonly measured in office buildings. A cleaning product mixture contained three cleaning products with high market shares. A building product mixture was created by combining sources including painted wallboard, composite wood products, carpet systems, and vinyl flooring. A fourth mixture contained formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Steady-state concentrations were produced in a classroom laboratory or a 20-m{sup 3} environmental chamber. Air was drawn through the UVPCO, and single pass conversion efficiencies were measured from replicate air samples collected upstream and downstream of the reactor section. Concentrations of the mixtures were manipulated, with concentrations of individual VOCs mostly maintained below 10 ppb. Device flow rates were varied between 165 and 580 m{sup 3}/h. Production of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, formic acid, and acetic acid as reaction products was investigated. Conversion efficiency data were generated for 48 individual VOCs or groups of closely related compounds. Alcohols and glycol ethers were
17. 75 FR 13257 - Carbazole Violet Pigment 23 from India: Final Results of the Expedited Five-year [Sunset] Review... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-03-19 ...] and finished pigment in the form of presscake and dry color. Pigment dispersions in any form [e.g... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [C-533-839] Carbazole Violet Pigment 23... countervailing duty [CVD] order on Carbazole Violet Pigment 23 [CVP-23] [[Page 13258
18. Modification of the optoelectronic properties of two-dimensional MoS2 crystals by ultraviolet-ozone treatment NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Yang, Hae In; Park, Seonyoung; Choi, Woong 2018-06-01 We report the modification of the optoelectronic properties of mechanically-exfoliated single layer MoS2 by ultraviolet-ozone exposure. Photoluminescence emission of pristine MoS2 monotonically decreased and eventually quenched as ultraviolet-ozone exposure time increased from 0 to 10 min. The reduction of photoluminescence emission accompanied reduction of Raman modes, suggesting structural degradation in ultraviolet-ozone exposed MoS2. Analysis with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the formation of Ssbnd O and Mosbnd O bonding increases with ultraviolet-ozone exposure time. Measurement of electrical transport properties of MoS2 in a bottom-gate thin-film transistor configuration suggested the presence of insulating MoO3 after ultraviolet-ozone exposure. These results demonstrate that ultraviolet-ozone exposure can significantly influence the optoelectronic properties of single layer MoS2, providing important implications on the application of MoS2 and other two-dimensional materials into optoelectronic devices.
19. NASA Image and Video Library 2009-09-16 The annual ozone hole has started developing over the South Pole, and it appears that it will be comparable to ozone depletions over the past decade. This composite image from September 10 depicts ozone concentrations in Dobson units, with purple and blues depicting severe deficits of ozone. "We have observed the ozone hole again in 2009, and it appears to be pretty average so far," said ozone researcher Paul Newman of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. "However, we won't know for another four weeks how this year's ozone hole will fully develop." Scientists are tracking the size and depth of the ozone hole with observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on NASA's Aura spacecraft, the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment on the European Space Agency's ERS-2 spacecraft, and the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet instrument on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's NOAA-16 satellite. The depth and area of the ozone hole are governed by the amount of chlorine and bromine in the Antarctic stratosphere. Over the southern winter, polar stratospheric clouds [PSCs] form in the extreme cold of the atmosphere, and chlorine gases react on the cloud particles to release chlorine into a form that can easily destroy ozone. When the sun rises in August after months of seasonal polar darkness, the sunlight heats the clouds and catalyzes the chemical reactions that deplete the ozone layer. The ozone hole begins to grow in August and reaches its largest area in late September to early October. Recent observations and several studies have shown that the size of the annual ozone hole has stabilized and the level of ozone-depleting substances has decreased by 4 percent since 2001. But since chlorine and bromine compounds have long lifetimes in the atmosphere, a recovery of atmospheric ozone is not likely to be noticeable until 2020 or later. Visit NASA's Ozone Watch page for current imagery and data: ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html
20. Ozone exposure of a weed community produces adaptive changes in seed populations of Spergula arvensis. PubMed Landesmann, Jennifer B; Gundel, Pedro E; Martínez-Ghersa, M Alejandra; Ghersa, Claudio M 2013-01-01 Tropospheric ozone is one of the major drivers of global change. This stress factor alters plant growth and development. Ozone could act as a selection pressure on species communities composition, but also on population genetic background, thus affecting life history traits. Our objective was to evaluate the consequences of prolonged ozone exposure of a weed community on phenotypic traits of Spergulaarvensis linked to persistence. Specifically, we predicted that the selection pressure exerted by high ozone concentrations as well as the concomitant changes in the weed community would drive population adaptive changes which will be reflected on seed germination, dormancy and longevity. In order to test seed viability and dormancy level, we conducted germination experiments for which we used seeds produced by S. arvensis plants grown within a weed community exposed to three ozone treatments during four years [0, 90 and 120 ppb]. We also performed a soil seed bank experiment to test seed longevity with seeds coming from both the four-year ozone exposure experiment and from a short-term treatment conducted at ambient and added ozone concentrations. We found that prolonged ozone exposure produced changes in seed germination, dormancy and longevity, resulting in three S. arvensis populations. Seeds from the 90 ppb ozone selection treatment had the highest level of germination when stored at 75% RH and 25 °C and then scarified. These seeds showed the lowest dormancy level when being subjected to 5 ºC/5% RH and 25 ºC/75% followed by 5% RH storage conditions. Furthermore, ozone exposure increased seed persistence in the soil through a maternal effect. Given that tropospheric ozone is an important pollutant in rural areas, changes in seed traits due to ozone exposure could increase weed persistence in fields, thus affecting weed-crop interactions, which could ultimately reduce crop production.

1. Ozone Exposure of a Weed Community Produces Adaptive Changes in Seed Populations of Spergula arvensis PubMed Central Landesmann, Jennifer B.; Gundel, Pedro E.; Martínez-Ghersa, M. Alejandra; Ghersa, Claudio M. 2013-01-01 Tropospheric ozone is one of the major drivers of global change. This stress factor alters plant growth and development. Ozone could act as a selection pressure on species communities composition, but also on population genetic background, thus affecting life history traits. Our objective was to evaluate the consequences of prolonged ozone exposure of a weed community on phenotypic traits of Spergula arvensis linked to persistence. Specifically, we predicted that the selection pressure exerted by high ozone concentrations as well as the concomitant changes in the weed community would drive population adaptive changes which will be reflected on seed germination, dormancy and longevity. In order to test seed viability and dormancy level, we conducted germination experiments for which we used seeds produced by S. arvensis plants grown within a weed community exposed to three ozone treatments during four years [0, 90 and 120 ppb]. We also performed a soil seed bank experiment to test seed longevity with seeds coming from both the four-year ozone exposure experiment and from a short-term treatment conducted at ambient and added ozone concentrations. We found that prolonged ozone exposure produced changes in seed germination, dormancy and longevity, resulting in three S. arvensis populations. Seeds from the 90 ppb ozone selection treatment had the highest level of germination when stored at 75% RH and 25 °C and then scarified. These seeds showed the lowest dormancy level when being subjected to 5 ºC/5% RH and 25 ºC/75% followed by 5% RH storage conditions. Furthermore, ozone exposure increased seed persistence in the soil through a maternal effect. Given that tropospheric ozone is an important pollutant in rural areas, changes in seed traits due to ozone exposure could increase weed persistence in fields, thus affecting weed-crop interactions, which could ultimately reduce crop production. PMID:24086640
2. The removal of organic precursors of DBPs during three advanced water treatment processes including ultrafiltration, biofiltration, and ozonation. PubMed Zha, Xiao-Song; Ma, Lu-Ming; Wu, Jin; Liu, Yan 2016-08-01 The removal efficiency of organic matter, the formation potential of trihalomethanes [THMFP], and the formation potential of haloacetic acids [HAAFP] in each unit of three advanced treatment processes were investigated in this paper. The molecular weight distribution and the components of organic matter in water samples were also determined to study the transformation of organic matter during these advanced treatments. Low-molecular-weight matter was the predominant fraction in raw water, and it could not be removed effectively by ultrafiltration and biofiltration. The dominant species of disinfection by-product formation potential [DBPFP] in raw water were chloroform and monochloroacetic acid [MCAA], with average concentrations of 107.3 and 125.9 μg/L, respectively. However, the formation potential of chloroform and MCAA decreased to 36.2 and 11.5 μg/L after ultrafiltration. Similarly, biological pretreatment obtained high removal efficiency for DBPFP. The total THMFP decreased from 173.8 to 81.8 μg/L, and the total HAAFP decreased from 211.9 to 84.2 μg/L. Separate ozonation had an adverse effect on DBPFP, especially for chlorinated HAAFP. Numerous low-molecular-weight compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols were generated during the ozonation, which have been proven to be important precursors of HAAs. However, the ozonation/biological activated carbon [BAC] combined process had a better removal efficiency for DBPFP. The total DBPFP decreased remarkably from 338.7 to 113.3 μg/L after the O3/BAC process, far below the separated BAC of process B [189.1 μg/L].
3. [Effect of ozonated water on physical and chemical properties of vacuum sealing drainage material]. PubMed Jiang, Nan; Ma, Yunfei; Lin, Qingrong; Chen, Anfu; Zhao, Peiran; Ni, Guoxin; Yu, Bin 2013-02-01 To investigate the influence of ozonated water on physical and chemical properties of vacuum sealing drainage [VSD] materials. VSD materials [foam and sealing membrane] were immersed in 10 µg/ml ozonated water for 1 h twice daily for 8 days. The foam appearance and microscopic structure of the materials were observed, and tensile tests and Raman spectrum scan were performed assess the effect of ozonated water. Simulated VSD devices were prepared and tested for leakproofness under negative pressure after ozonated water treatment. zonated water treatment for 8 days caused no obvious abnormal changes in the foam appearance or microscopic structure of the materials. The maximum tensile load of foam before and after ozonated water treatment was 4.25∓0.73 kgf and 2.44∓0.19 kgf [P=0.000], the momentary distance when the foam torn before and after intervention was 92.54∓12.83 mm and 64.44∓4.60 mm, respectively [P=0.000]. The corresponding results for VSD sealing membrane were 0.70∓0.58 kgf and 0.71∓0.08 kgf [P=0.698], and 99.30∓10.27 mm and 100.95∓18.22 mm [P=0.966], respectively. Raman spectroscopy revealed changes in only several wave intensities and no new chemical groups appeared within the scan range of 400-4000 cm[-1]. The VSD device was well hermetic after treatment with ozonated water. Except for a decreased stretch resistance property of the foam, VSD materials display no obvious changes in physical and chemical characteristics after treatment with ozonated water for 8 days.
4. Children's Models of the Ozone Layer and Ozone Depletion. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Christidou, Vasilia; Koulaidis, Vasilis 1996-01-01 The views of 40 primary students on ozone and its depletion were recorded through individual, semi-structured interviews. The data analysis resulted in the formation of a limited number of models concerning the distribution and role of ozone in the atmosphere, the depletion process, and the consequences of ozone depletion. Identifies five target…
5. Ozone bioindicator Treesearch John W. Coulston; Mark J. Ambrose 2007-01-01 Why Is Ozone Important? Ground-level ozone occurs at phytotoxic levels in the United States [Lefohn and Pinkerton 1988]. Elevated levels of ozone can cause foliar injury to several tree species, may cause growth loss, and can make trees more susceptible to insects and pathogens [Chappelka and Samuelson 1998]. However, tree species have varying degrees of sensitivity to...
6. Ozone, Tropospheric NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Fishman, Jack 1995-01-01 In the early part of the 20th century, ground-based and balloon-borne measurements discovered that most of atmosphere's ozone is located in the stratosphere with highest concentrations located between 15 and 30 km [9,3 and 18.6 miles]. For a long time, it was believed that tropospheric ozone originated from the stratosphere and that most of it was destroyed by contact with the earth's surface. Ozone, O3, was known to be produced by the photo-dissociation of molecular oxygen, O2, a process that can only occur at wavelengths shorter than 242 nm. Because such short-wave-length radiation is present only in the stratosphere, no tropospheric ozone production is possible by this mechanism. In the 1940s, however, it became obvious that production of ozone was also taking place in the troposphere. The overall reaction mechanism was eventually identified by Arie Haagen-Smit of the California Institute of Technology, in highly polluted southern California. The copious emissions from the numerous cars driven there as a result of the mass migration to Los Angeles after World War 2 created the new unpleasant phenomenon of photochemical smog, the primary component of which is ozone. These high levels of ozone were injuring vegetable crops, causing women's nylons to run, and generating increasing respiratory and eye-irritation problems for the populace. Our knowledge of tropospheric ozone increased dramatically in the early 1950s as monitoring stations and search centers were established throughout southern California to see what could be done to combat this threat to human health and the environment.
7. Oxidation and ozonation of waste activated sludge. PubMed Mines, Richard O; Northenor, C Brett; Murchison, Mitchell 2008-05-01 In this bench-scale study, the treatment of waste activated sludge [WAS] was evaluated using aerobic digestion and ozonation. Two, 2-L batch digesters, one aerated and the other one ozonated, were operated for 30 days in each phase of the study. The aerated digester simulated the aerobic digestion process and served as control to the ozonated digester. In Phase I, the aerated digester was supplied 810 mg O[2] min[- 1], whereas, the ozonated digester was supplied 0.88 mg O[3] min[- 1]. In Phase II, the oxygenation rate to the aerobic digester was increased to 1,200 mg O[2] min[- 1] while the ozonation rate was reduced to 0.44 mg O[3] min[- 1]. Ozone was more effective than air at oxidizing and reducing both total solids [TS] and volatile solids [VS] in the WAS. TS removals of 50% and 56% were observed for the ozonated digester versus TS removals of 23% and 35% for the aerated digester. VS removals of 40% and 42% were observed for the aerobic digester versus 57% and 74% for the ozonated digester. Aerobic digestion barely met the 38% reduction in VS required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. The degradation rate constant [K[d]] based on degradable TS for the ozonated digester varied from 0.082 to 0.11 days[- 1] and from 0.067 to 0.09 days[- 1] for the aerobic digester. Total chemical oxygen demand [TCOD] removal in the aerobic digester increased from 30% to 40% from Phase I to Phase II. TCOD removal increased slightly from 57% to 58% in the ozonated digester from Phase I to Phase II. Soluble chemical oxygen demand [SCOD] concentrations in the sludge supernatant increased with digestion time, especially in the ozonated digester. Approximately 0.12 to 0.22 mg SCOD was produced per mg of TS destroyed during ozonation. The specific oxygen uptake rate [SOUR] was consistently below the EPA standard of 1.5 mg O[2] per hr per g TS, indicating that the sludge was well stabilized. The average quantity of oxygen required during aerobic digestion was 1.53 g O[2
8. Urban Summertime Ozone of China: Peak Ozone Hour and Nighttime Mixing NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Qu, H.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, R. 2017-12-01 We investigate the observed diurnal cycle of summertime ozone in the cities of China using a regional chemical transport model. The simulated daytime ozone is in general agreement with the observations. Model simulations suggest that the ozone peak time and peak concentration are a function of NOx [NO + NO2] and volatile organic compound [VOC] emissions. The differences between simulated and observed ozone peak time and peak concentration in some regions can be applied to understand biases in the emission inventories. For example, the VOCs emissions are underestimated over the Pearl River Delta [PRD] region, and either NOx emissions are underestimated or VOC emissions are overestimated over the Yangtze River Delta [YRD] regions. In contrast to the general good daytime ozone simulations, the simulated nighttime ozone has a large low bias of up to 40 ppbv. Nighttime ozone in urban areas is sensitive to the nocturnal boundary-layer mixing, and enhanced nighttime mixing [from the surface to 200-500 m] is necessary for the model to reproduce the observed level of ozone.
9. Tropospheric ozone toxicity vs. usefulness of ozone therapy. PubMed Bocci, Velio Alvaro 2007-02-01 There is a general consensus that continuous inhalation of air polluted with ozone is detrimental for the lungs and vital organs. Even if the concentration of tropospheric ozone is slightly above the tolerated dose, toxicity ensues owing to the cumulative dose inhaled for months. However, in medicine ozone is used as a real drug and a precise concentration and therapeutic dosage must be calibrated against the antioxidant capacity of blood. As ozone reacts with blood, it generates pharmacological messengers such as H[2]O[2] and lipid oxidation products [LOPs]. These activate several biochemical pathways in blood cells, which after reinfusion are responsible for therapeutic activities lasting several days. Neither acute nor chronic toxicity has been registered.
10. Total ozone changes in the 1987 Antarctic ozone hole NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Krueger, Arlin J.; Schoeberl, Mark R.; Doiron, Scott D.; Sechrist, Frank; Galimore, Reginald 1988-01-01 The development of the Antarctic ozone minimum was observed in 1987 with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer [TOMS] instrument. In the first half of August the near-polar [60 and 70 deg S] ozone levels were similar to those of recent years. By September, however, the ozone at 70 and 80 deg S was clearly lower than any previous year including 1985, the prior record low year. The levels continued to decrease throughout September until October 5 when a new record low of 109 DU was established at a point near the South Pole. This value is 29 DU less than the lowest observed in 1985 and 48 DU less than the 1986 low. The zonal mean total ozone at 60 deg S remained constant throughout the time of ozone hole formation. The ozone decline was punctuated by local minima formed away from the polar night boundary at about 75 deg S. The first of these, on August 15 to 17, formed just east of the Palmer Peninsula and appears to be a mountain wave. The second major minimum formed on September 5 to 7 again downwind of the Palmer Peninsula. This event was larger in scale than the August minimum and initiated the decline of ozone across the polar region. The 1987 ozone hole was nearly circular and pole centered for its entire life. In previous years the hole was perturbed by intrusions of the circumpolar maximum into the polar regions, thus causing the hole to be elliptical. The 1987 hole also remained in place until the end of November, a few days longer than in 1985, and this persistence resulted in the latest time for recovery to normal values yet observed.
11. The effect of ozonated cooling water on the corrosion behavior of stainless steel, titanium and copper alloys. Ozone biocidal action on sessile and planktonic bacteria DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Videla, H.A.; Guiamet, P.S.; Mele, M.F.L. de 1999-11-01 Two aspects of ozone utilization as sole chemical treatment for cooling water demand a better understanding: [a] the effect of dissolved ozone on the corrosion behavior of heat exchanger structural materials and [b] the biocidal action of ozone on bacterial biofilms. To assess the effect of ozone dissolved in synthetic cooling water on the corrosion behavior of different structural materials [stainless steel; 70:30 copper-nickel; aluminum brass and titanium], voltamperometric experiments and corrosion potential vs. time measurements were made at ozone concentrations between 0.1 and 1.2 ppm. Present results show that the passive behavior of stainless steel and titanium is notmore » affected by dissolved ozone whereas copper alloys are susceptible to corrosion in the presence of ozone. To study the biocidal action of various concentrations of dissolved ozone against planktonic and sessile bacteria, liquid cultures and biofilms of Pseudomonas fluorescense, formed on different structural materials, were used at different contact times. The results show that dissolved ozone is an effective biocide for controlling planktonic cells but its effectiveness decreases in the presence of sessile bacteria and the extracellular polymeric matrix of the biofilm. It is suggested that the penetration of ozone through the biofilm depends on the simultaneous diffusion and reaction of the biocide with the biofilm matrix which may exhibit local differences in biomass distribution and hydrodynamic conditions.« less
12. Improving Student Results in the Crystal Violet Chemical Kinetics Experiment ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Kazmierczak, Nathanael; Vander Griend, Douglas A. 2017-01-01 Despite widespread use in general chemistry laboratories, the crystal violet chemical kinetics experiment frequently suffers from erroneous student results. Student calculations for the reaction order in hydroxide often contain large asymmetric errors, pointing to the presence of systematic error. Through a combination of "in silico"…
13. Comparison between ozone and ultrasound disintegration on sludge anaerobic digestion. PubMed Braguglia, C M; Gianico, A; Mininni, G 2012-03-01 This paper deals with the comparison of ultrasound [mechanical] and ozone [chemical] pre-treatment on the performances of excess sludge semi-continuous digestion. Sludge solubilisation has been investigated by varying specific energy input. For each pre-treatment, long anaerobic digestion tests were carried out by two parallel digesters: one reactor, as control unit, was fed with untreated waste activated sludge, and the other one was fed with disintegrated sludge. To evaluate and compare the efficacy of both pre-treatments, the specific energy was maintained approximately the same. The digestion tests were carried out to investigate the feasibility of anaerobic digestion performance [total biogas production, volatile solids removal, sludge dewaterability] and to assess the heat balance. Results obtained from the digestion of sonicated sludge at 4% disintegration degree [≈ 2500 kJ/kg TS] showed that the ultrasound pre-treatment may be effective both in increasing VS destruction [+19%] and cumulative biogas production [+26%]. On the contrary, the digestion test with ozonized sludge [ozone dose of 0.05 g O[3]/g TS corresponding to ≈ 2000 kJ/kg TS] did not indicate a significant improvement on the digestion performances. By doubling the ozone dose an improvement in the organics removal and cumulative biogas production was observed. Relevant differences in terms of colloidal charge and filterability were discussed. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
14. Overview of CMC Development Activities in NASA's Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology [UEET] Program NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Brewer, Dave 2001-01-01 The primary objective of the UEET [Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology] Program is to address two of the most critical propulsion issues: performance/efficiency and reduced emissions. High performance, low emissions engine systems will lead to significant improvement in local air quality, minimum impact on ozone depletion and level to an overall reduction in aviation contribution to global warming. The Materials and Structures for High Performance project will develop and demonstrate advanced high temperature materials to enable high-performance, high efficiency, and environmentally compatible propulsion systems.
15. A hybrid process of biofiltration of secondary effluent followed by ozonation and short soil aquifer treatment for water reuse. PubMed Zucker, I; Mamane, H; Cikurel, H; Jekel, M; Hübner, U; Avisar, D 2015-11-01 The Shafdan reclamation project facility [Tel Aviv, Israel] practices soil aquifer treatment [SAT] of secondary effluent with hydraulic retention times [HRTs] of a few months to a year for unrestricted agricultural irrigation. During the SAT, the high oxygen demand [>40 mg L[-1]] of the infiltrated effluent causes anoxic conditions and mobilization of dissolved manganese from the soil. An additional emerging problem is the occurrence of persistent trace organic compounds [TrOCs] in reclaimed water that should be removed prior to reuse. An innovative hybrid process based on biofiltration, ozonation and short SAT with ∼22 d HRT is proposed for treatment of the Shafdan secondary effluent to overcome limitations of the existing system and to reduce the SAT's physical footprint. Besides efficient removal of particulate matter to minimize clogging, coagulation/flocculation and filtration [5-6 m h[-1]] operated with the addition of hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen source efficiently removed dissolved organic carbon [DOC, to 17-22%], ammonium and nitrite. This resulted in reduced effluent oxygen demand during infiltration and oxidant [ozone] demand during ozonation by 23 mg L[-1] and 1.5 mg L[-1], respectively. Ozonation [1.0-1.2 mg O3 mg DOC[-1]] efficiently reduced concentrations of persistent TrOCs and supplied sufficient dissolved oxygen [>30 mg L[-1]] for fully oxic operation of the short SAT with negligible Mn[2+] mobilization [ 75ppb. Ozone was greatly reduced on relatively new aircraft with catalytic convertors, but ozone levels on two flights whose aircraft had older convertors were similar to those on planes without catalytic convertors. Hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one [6-MHO] were detected in the aircraft cabin at sub- to low ppb levels. Linear regression models that included the log transformed mean ozone concentration, percent occupancy and plane type were statistically significant and explained between 18 and 25% of the variance in the mixing ratio of these carbonyls. Occupancy was also a significant factor for 6-MHO, but not the linear aldehydes, consistent with 6-MHO’s formation from the reaction between ozone and squalene, which is present in human skin oils. PMID:23517299
16. 20-HETE mediates ozone-induced, neutrophil-independent airway hyper-responsiveness in mice. PubMed Cooper, Philip R; Mesaros, A Clementina; Zhang, Jie; Christmas, Peter; Stark, Christopher M; Douaidy, Karim; Mittelman, Michael A; Soberman, Roy J; Blair, Ian A; Panettieri, Reynold A 2010-04-20 Ozone, a pollutant known to induce airway hyper-responsiveness [AHR], increases morbidity and mortality in patients with obstructive airway diseases and asthma. We postulate oxidized lipids mediate in vivo ozone-induced AHR in murine airways. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to ozone [3 or 6 ppm] or filtered air [controls] for 2 h. Precision cut lung slices [PCLS; 250 microm thickness] containing an intrapulmonary airway [ approximately 0.01 mm[2] lumen area] were prepared immediately after exposure or 16 h later. After 24 h, airways were contracted to carbachol [CCh]. Log EC[50] and E[max] values were then calculated by measuring the airway lumen area with respect to baseline. In parallel studies, dexamethasone [2.5 mg/kg], or 1-aminobenzotriazol [ABT] [50 mg/kg] were given intraperitoneal injection to naïve mice 18 h prior to ozone exposure. Indomethacin [10 mg/kg] was administered 2 h prior. Cell counts, cytokine levels and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [LC-MS] for lipid analysis were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL] fluid from ozone exposed and control mice. Ozone acutely induced AHR to CCh. Dexamethasone or indomethacin had little effect on the ozone-induced AHR; while, ABT, a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, markedly attenuated airway sensitivity. BAL fluid from ozone exposed animals, which did not contain an increase in neutrophils or interleukin [IL]-6 levels, increased airway sensitivity following in vitro incubation with a naïve PCLS. In parallel, significant increases in oxidized lipids were also identified using LC-MS with increases of 20-HETE that were decreased following ABT treatment. These data show that ozone acutely induces AHR to CCh independent of inflammation and is insensitive to steroid treatment or cyclooxygenase [COX] inhibition. BAL fluid from ozone exposed mice mimicked the effects of in vivo ozone exposure that were associated with marked increases in oxidized lipids. 20-HETE plays a pivotal role in mediating acute ozone
17. Ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with asthma: role of neutrophil-derived serine proteinases. PubMed Hiltermann, T J; Peters, E A; Alberts, B; Kwikkers, K; Borggreven, P A; Hiemstra, P S; Dijkman, J H; van Bree, L A; Stolk, J 1998-04-01 Proteinase inhibitors may be of potential therapeutic value in the treatment of respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] or asthma. Our aim was to study the role of neutrophils, and neutrophil-derived serine proteinases in an acute model in patients with asthma. Exposure to ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory reaction accompanied by an increase in airway hyperresponsiveness. It is thought that these two effects of ozone are linked, and that neutrophil-derived serine proteinases [i.e. elastase] may play a role in the ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Therefore, we examined the effect of recombinant antileukoprotease [rALP], one of the major serine proteinase inhibitors in the lung, on ozone-induced changes in airway hyperresponsiveness in this model. We observed that 16 h after exposure to ozone, airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine was increased both following placebo and rALP treatment. There was no significant difference between placebo and rALP treatment [change in area under the dose-response curve to methacholine: 117.3+/-59.0 vs 193.6+/-59.6 % fall x DD; p=.12]. Moreover, the immediate decrease in FEV1 after ozone exposure was not significantly different between the two groups [placebo: -29.6+/-6.7%; rALP: -20.9+/-3.8%; p=.11]. In addition, no significant differences were observed in plasma levels of fibrinogen degradation products generated by neutrophil serine proteinases before and after exposure to ozone. We conclude that neutrophil-derived serine proteinases are not important mediators for ozone-induced hyperresponsiveness.
18. Medical ozone increases methotrexate clinical response and improves cellular redox balance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PubMed León Fernández, Olga Sonia; Viebahn-Haensler, Renate; Cabreja, Gilberto López; Espinosa, Irainis Serrano; Matos, Yanet Hernández; Roche, Liván Delgado; Santos, Beatriz Tamargo; Oru, Gabriel Takon; Polo Vega, Juan Carlos 2016-10-15 Medical ozone reduced inflammation, IL-1β, TNF-α mRNA levels and oxidative stress in PG/PS-induced arthritis in rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the medical ozone effects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate and methotrexate+ozone, and to compare between them. A randomized clinical study with 60 patients was performed, who were divided into two groups: one [n=30] treated with methotrexate [MTX], folic acid and Ibuprophen [MTX group] and the second group [n=30] received the same as the MTX group+medical ozone by rectal insufflation of the gas [MTX+ozone group]. The clinical response of the patients was evaluated by comparing Disease Activity Score 28 [DAS28], Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index [HAQ-DI], Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated [Anti-CCP] levels, reactants of acute phase and biochemical markers of oxidative stress before and after 20 days of treatment. MTX+ozone reduced the activity of the disease while MTX merely showed a tendency to decrease the variables. Reactants of acute phase displayed a similar picture. MTX+ozone reduced Anti-CCP levels as well as increased antioxidant system, and decreased oxidative damage whereas MTX did not change. Glutathione correlated with all clinical variables just after MTX+ozone. MTX+ozone increased the MTX clinical response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. No side effects were observed. These results suggest that ozone can increase the efficacy of MTX probably because both share common therapeutic targets. Medical ozone treatment is capable of being a complementary therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
19. Role of ozone and granular activated carbon in the removal of mutagenic compounds. PubMed Central Bourbigot, M M; Hascoet, M C; Levi, Y; Erb, F; Pommery, N 1986-01-01 The identification of certain organic compounds in drinking water has led water treatment specialists to be increasingly concerned about the eventual risks of such pollutants to the health of consumers. Our experiments focused on the role of ozone and granular activated carbon in removing mutagenic compounds and precursors that become toxic after chlorination. We found that if a sufficient dose of ozone is applied, its use does not lead to the creation of mutagenic compounds in drinking water and can even eliminate the initial mutagenicity of the water. The formation of new mutagenic compounds seems to be induced by ozonation that is too weak, although these mutagens can be removed by GAC filtration. Ozone used with activated carbon can be one of the best means for eliminating the compounds contributing to the mutagenicity of water. A combined treatment of ozone and activated carbon also decreases the chlorine consumption of the treated water and consequently reduces the formation of chlorinated organic compounds. PMID:3816720
20. LuminoTox as a tool to optimize ozone doses for the removal of contaminants and their associated toxicity. PubMed Marshall, Meghan; Yargeau, Viviane 2018-03-01 New treatment technologies and quality monitoring tools are needed for Contaminants of Emerging Concern [CECs] in wastewater. The purpose of this work was to assess the LuminoTox as a monitoring tool for CEC-associated toxicity in municipal wastewater during ozone treatment, and to evaluate the impact of different ozone feed concentrations at equivalent ozone doses for removing toxicity. The LuminoTox was sensitive at monitoring changes in toxicity of atrazine [ATZ] in synthetic wastewater [SWW] and in a 14 CECs mix in secondary effluent [SE] during ozone treatment. In both experiments, a decrease in toxicity was observed with increasing transferred ozone dose, which corresponded to a decrease in CEC concentration. For ATZ in SWW, a 5 ppm ozone feed showed better toxicity removal, up to 25% and 35% inhibition for LuminoTox algae biosensors SAPS I and SAPS II, respectively, for statistically equivalent ozone dose pairs of 43 mg [5 ppm ozone feed] and 36 mg [15 ppm ozone feed]. The opposite was true for the 14 CECs in SE; the 15 ppm ozone feed showed better toxicity removal, up to a reduction of 37% and 40% for SAPS I and SAPS II inhibition, respectively, for statistically equivalent ozone dose pairs of 42 mg [5 ppm ozone feed] and 42 mg [15 ppm ozone feed]. Different feed applications had an impact on the efficiency of toxicity removal for equivalent ozone doses; this efficiency appears to depend on the type of contaminants and/or wastewater matrix. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
21. Natural zeolite reactivity towards ozone: the role of compensating cations. PubMed Valdés, Héctor; Alejandro, Serguei; Zaror, Claudio A 2012-08-15 Among indoor pollutants, ozone is recognised to pose a threat to human health. Recently, low cost natural zeolites have been applied as alternative materials for ozone abatement. In this work, the effect of compensating cation content of natural zeolite on ozone removal is studied. A Chilean natural zeolite is used here as starting material. The amount of compensating cations in the zeolite framework was modified by ion exchange using an ammonium sulphate solution [0.1 mol L[-1]]. Characterisation of natural and modified zeolites were performed by X-ray powder diffraction [XRD], nitrogen adsorption at 77K, elemental analysis, X-ray fluorescence [XRF], thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectroscopy [TGA-MS], and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia [NH[3]-TPD]. Ozone adsorption and/or decomposition on natural and modified zeolites were studied by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy [DRIFTS]. Results show that the zeolite compensating cation content affects ozone interaction with zeolite active sites. Ammonium ion-exchange treatments followed by thermal out-gassing at 823 K, reduces ozone diffusion resistance inside the zeolite framework, increasing ozone abatement on zeolite surface active sites. Weak and strong Lewis acid sites of zeolite surface are identified here as the main active sites responsible of ozone removal. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
22. Ozone, ozone production rates and NO observations on the outskirts of Quito, Ecuador NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Cazorla, M. 2014-12-01 Air quality measurements of ambient ozone, ozone production rates and nitrogen oxides, in addition to baseline meterology observations, are being taken at a recently built roof-top facility on the campus of Universidad San Francisco de Quito, in Ecuador. The measurement site is located in Cumbayá, a densely populated valley adjacent to the city of Quito. Time series of ozone and NO are being obtained with commercial air quality monitors. Rush-hour peaks of NO, above 100 ppb, have been observed, while daytime ozone levels are low. In addition, ozone production rates are being measured with the Ecuadorian version of the MOPS, Measurement of Ozone Production Sensor, originally built at Penn State University in 2010. NO and ozone observations and test results of measured ozone production rates will be presented.
23. Adsorption of crystal violet onto functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Equilibrium and kinetic studies. PubMed Sabna, V; Thampi, Santosh G; Chandrakaran, S 2016-12-01 Synthetic dyes present in effluent from textile, paper and paint industries contain crystal violet [CV], a known carcinogenic agent. This study investigates the modification of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by acid reflux method and equilibrium and kinetic behaviour of adsorption of CV onto functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes [fMWNTs] in batch system. High stability of the fMWNTs suspension in water indicates the hydrophilicity of fMWNTs induced due to the formation of functional groups that make hydrogen bonds with water molecules. fMWNTs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra Red [FTIR] spectroscopy and the functional groups present on the fMWNTs were confirmed. Characteristic variation was observed in the FTIR spectra of fMWNTs after adsorption of crystal violet onto it. Adsorption characteristics were evaluated as a function of system variables such as contact time, dosage of fMWNTs and initial concentration and pH of the crystal violet solution. Adsorption capacity of fMWNTs and percentage removal of the dye increased with increase in contact time, adsorbent dosage and pH but declined with increase in initial concentration of the dye. fMWNTs showed higher adsorption capacity compared to that of pristine MWNTs. Data showed good fit with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and the pseudo-second order kinetic model; the maximum adsorption capacity was 90.52mg/g. Kinetic parameters such as rate constants, equilibrium adsorption capacities and regression coefficients were estimated. Results indicate that fMWNTs are an effective adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet from aqueous solution. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
24. Ozone and the stratosphere NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Shimazaki, Tatsuo 1987-01-01 It is shown that the stratospheric ozone is effective in absorbing almost all radiation below 300 nm at heights below 300 km. The distribution of global ozone in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere, and the latitudinal variations of the total ozone column over four seasons are considered. The theory of the ozone layer production is discussed together with catalytic reactions for ozone loss and the mechanisms of ozone transport. Special attention is given to the anthropogenic perturbations, such as SST exhaust gases and freon gas from aerosol cans and refrigerators, that may cause an extensive destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer and thus have a profound impact on the world climate and on life.
25. Removal of organics and degradation products from industrial wastewater by a membrane bioreactor integrated with ozone or UV/H₂O₂ treatment. PubMed Laera, G; Cassano, D; Lopez, A; Pinto, A; Pollice, A; Ricco, G; Mascolo, G 2012-01-17 The treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater resulting from the production of an antibacterial drug [nalidixic acid] was investigated employing a membrane bioreactor [MBR] integrated with either ozonation or UV/H[2]O[2] process. This was achieved by placing chemical oxidation in the recirculation stream of the MBR. A conventional configuration with chemical oxidation as polishing for the MBR effluent was also tested as a reference. The synergistic effect of MBR when integrated with chemical oxidation was assessed by monitoring [i] the main wastewater characteristics, [ii] the concentration of nalidixic acid, [iii] the 48 organics identified in the raw wastewater and [iv] the 55 degradation products identified during wastewater treatment. Results showed that MBR integration with ozonation or UV/H[2]O[2] did not cause relevant drawbacks to both biological and filtration processes, with COD removal rates in the range 85-95%. Nalidixic acid passed undegraded through the MBR and was completely removed in the chemical oxidation step. Although the polishing configuration appeared to give better performances than the integrated system in removing 15 out of 48 secondary organics while similar removals were obtained for 19 other compounds. The benefit of the integrated system was however evident for the removal of the degradation products. Indeed, the integrated system allowed higher removals for 34 out of 55 degradation products while for only 4 compounds the polishing configuration gave better performance. Overall, results showed the effectiveness of the integrated treatment with both ozone and UV/H[2]O[2].
26. Evidence for a Continuous Decline in Lower Stratospheric Ozone Offsetting Ozone Layer Recovery NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Ball, William T.; Alsing, Justin; Mortlock, Daniel J.; Staehelin, Johannes; Haigh, Joanna D.; Peter, Thomas; Tummon, Fiona; Stuebi, Rene; Stenke, Andrea; Anderson, John;
    2018-01-01 Ozone forms in the Earth's atmosphere from the photodissociation of molecular oxygen, primarily in the tropical stratosphere. It is then transported to the extratropics by the Brewer-Dobson circulation [BDC], forming a protective "ozone layer" around the globe. Human emissions of halogen-containing ozone-depleting substances [hODSs] led to a decline in stratospheric ozone until they were banned by the Montreal Protocol, and since 1998 ozone in the upper stratosphere is rising again, likely the recovery from halogen-induced losses. Total column measurements of ozone between the Earth's surface and the top of the atmosphere indicate that the ozone layer has stopped declining across the globe, but no clear increase has been observed at latitudes between 60degS and 60degN outside the polar regions [60-90deg]. Here we report evidence from multiple satellite measurements that ozone in the lower stratosphere between 60degS and 60degN has indeed continued to decline since 1998. We find that, even though upper stratospheric ozone is recovering, the continuing downward trend in the lower stratosphere prevails, resulting in a downward trend in stratospheric column ozone between 60degS and 60degN. We find that total column ozone between 60degS and 60degN appears not to have decreased only because of increases in tropospheric column ozone that compensate for the stratospheric decreases. The reasons for the continued reduction of lower stratospheric ozone are not clear; models do not reproduce these trends, and thus the causes now urgently need to be established.
27. Evidence for a continuous decline in lower stratospheric ozone offsetting ozone layer recovery NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Ball, William T.; Alsing, Justin; Mortlock, Daniel J.; Staehelin, Johannes; Haigh, Joanna D.; Peter, Thomas; Tummon, Fiona; Stübi, Rene; Stenke, Andrea; Anderson, John; Bourassa, Adam; Davis, Sean M.; Degenstein, Doug; Frith, Stacey; Froidevaux, Lucien; Roth, Chris; Sofieva, Viktoria; Wang, Ray; Wild, Jeannette; Yu, Pengfei; Ziemke, Jerald R.; Rozanov, Eugene V. 2018-02-01 Ozone forms in the Earth's atmosphere from the photodissociation of molecular oxygen, primarily in the tropical stratosphere. It is then transported to the extratropics by the Brewer-Dobson circulation [BDC], forming a protective ozone layer around the globe. Human emissions of halogen-containing ozone-depleting substances [hODSs] led to a decline in stratospheric ozone until they were banned by the Montreal Protocol, and since 1998 ozone in the upper stratosphere is rising again, likely the recovery from halogen-induced losses. Total column measurements of ozone between the Earth's surface and the top of the atmosphere indicate that the ozone layer has stopped declining across the globe, but no clear increase has been observed at latitudes between 60° S and 60° N outside the polar regions [60-90°]. Here we report evidence from multiple satellite measurements that ozone in the lower stratosphere between 60° S and 60° N has indeed continued to decline since 1998. We find that, even though upper stratospheric ozone is recovering, the continuing downward trend in the lower stratosphere prevails, resulting in a downward trend in stratospheric column ozone between 60° S and 60° N. We find that total column ozone between 60° S and 60° N appears not to have decreased only because of increases in tropospheric column ozone that compensate for the stratospheric decreases. The reasons for the continued reduction of lower stratospheric ozone are not clear; models do not reproduce these trends, and thus the causes now urgently need to be established.
28. Ozone Trend Detectability NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Campbell, J. W. [Editor] 1981-01-01 The detection of anthropogenic disturbances in the Earth's ozone layer was studied. Two topics were addressed: [1] the level at which a trend in total ozoning is detected by existing data sources; and [2] empirical evidence in the prediction of the depletion in total ozone. Error sources are identified. The predictability of climatological series, whether empirical models can be trusted, and how errors in the Dobson total ozone data impact trend detectability, are discussed.
29. The efficacy of gaseous ozone against different forms of Candida albicans PubMed Central Zargaran, M; Fatahinia, M; Zarei Mahmoudabadi, A 2017-01-01 Background and Purpose: Ozone is an inorganic molecule with effective antimicrobial properties. Clinical treatment of ozonated water was used for the elimination of Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, endotoxins, and biofilms from root canals. In addition, its therapeutic effects for tinea pedis, ulcers, and leishmaniasis were investigated. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the fungicidal effects of ozone on different forms of C. albicans. In addition, antifungal susceptibility profile of strains was assessed before and after exposure to ozone. Materials and Methods: Fifty strains of C. albicans were exposed to gaseous ozone at different times. Furthermore, biofilm formation and germ tube production were evaluated when yeast suspensions were exposed to ozone. In addition, antifungal susceptibility of ozone resistant colonies was investiagted as compared to controls. Results: Ozone was highly effective in killing C. albicans in yeast form and inhibition of germ tube formation during 210 and 180 s, respectively. Although with increasing exposure time biofilm production was considerably decreased, resistance to ozone was much higher among vaginal and nail isolates even after 60 min. All the strains were sensitive to fluconazole, caspofungin, and terbinafine pre- and post-ozone exposure. Resistance to amphotericin B was significantly enhanced after exposure to ozone. Conclusion: Although ozone was highly effective on the yeast form of C. albicans and it can inhibit the formation of germ tubes in C. albicans, the complete removal of biofilms did not happen even after 60 min. It seems that ozone therapy induces resistance to amphotericin B. PMID:29354778
30. Ozone disintegration of excess biomass and application to nitrogen removal. PubMed Park, Ki Young; Lee, Jae Woo; Ahn, Kyu-Hong; Maeng, Sung Kyu; Hwang, Jong Hyuk; Song, Kyung-Guen 2004-01-01 A pilot-scale facility integrated with an ozonation unit was built to investigate the feasibility of using ozone-disintegration byproducts of wasted biomass as a carbon source for denitrification. Ozonation of biomass resulted in mass reduction by mineralization as well as by ozone-disintegrated biosolids recycling. Approximately 50% of wasted solids were recovered as available organic matter [ozonolysate], which included nonsettleable microparticles and soluble fractions. Microparticles were observed in abundance at relatively low levels of ozone doses, while soluble fractions became dominant at higher levels of ozone doses in ozone-disintegrated organics. Batch denitrification experiments showed that the ozonolysate could be used as a carbon source with a maximum denitrification rate of 3.66 mg nitrogen [N]/g volatile suspended solids [VSS] x h. Ozonolysate was also proven to enhance total nitrogen removal efficiency in the pilot-scale treatment facility. An optimal chemical oxygen demand [COD]-to-nitrogen ratio for complete denitrification was estimated as 5.13 g COD/g N. The nitrogen-removal performance of the modified intermittently decanted extended aeration process dependent on an external carbon supply could be described as a function of solids retention time.
31. OZONATION BYPRODUCTS: IDENTIFICATION OF BROMOHYDRINS FROM THE OZONATION OF NATURAL WATERS WITH ENHANCED BROMIDE LEVELS EPA Science Inventory When ozone is used in the treatment of drinking water, it reacts with both inorganic and organic compounds to form byproducts. f bromide is present, it may be oxidized to hydrobromous acid, which may than react with natural organic matter to form brominated organic compounds. he ...

1. Evaluation of sorghum flour functionality and quality characteristics of gluten-free bread and cake as influenced by ozone treatment. PubMed Marston, Kathryn; Khouryieh, Hanna; Aramouni, Fadi 2015-12-01 Commercially milled food-grade sorghum flour was subjected to ozone at the rate of 0.06 L/min for 15, 30, and 45 min. The pH of ozone-treated flour decreased as exposure time increased. The L* [lightness] values of sorghum flour significantly increased [p < 0.05], while the b* [yellowness] values significantly decreased as ozone exposure time increased. Peak viscosity significantly increased as time of ozonation increased from 0 to 45 min. Results showed that gluten-free cake volume significantly increased as ozonation time increased. Additionally, longer ozonation exposure times increased cells per slice area, lightness, and slice brightness values in gluten-free cakes while reducing crumb firmness. Despite improving lightness and slice brightness values, ozonation did not significantly increase the specific volume of gluten-free batter-based bread. While ozonation improved the volume and texture in cakes, it did not have the same positive effects on gluten-free bread. Bread made from ozonated sorghum flour had an open ragged structure with equivalent volume to the control flour. In both applications, the increased brightness and lightness values due to ozone exposure is recommended to increase the acceptability of sorghum products. © The Author[s] 2014.
2. The characteristics of tropospheric ozone seasonality observed from ozone soundings at Pohang, Korea. PubMed Kim, Jae H; Lee, H J; Lee, S H 2006-07-01 This paper presents the first analysis of vertical ozone sounding measurements over Pohang, Korea. The main focus is to analyze the seasonal variation of vertical ozone profiles and determine the mechanisms controlling ozone seasonality. The maxima ozone at the surface and in the free troposphere are observed in May and June, respectively. In comparison with the ozone seasonality at Oki [near sea level] and Happo [altitude of 1840 m] in Japan, which are located at the same latitude as of Pohang, we have found that the time of the ozone maximum at the Japanese sites is always a month earlier than at Pohang. Analysis of the wind flow at the surface shows that the wind shifts from westerly to southerly in May over Japan, but in June over Pohang. However, this wind shift above boundary layer occurs a month later. This wind shift results in significantly smaller amounts of ozone because the southerly wind brings clean wet tropical air. It has been suggested that the spring ozone maximum in the lower troposphere is due to polluted air transported from China. However, an enhanced ozone amount over the free troposphere in June appears to have a different origin. A tongue-like structure in the time-height cross-section of ozone concentrations, which starts from the stratosphere and extends to the middle troposphere, suggests that the ozone enhancement occurs due to a gradual migration of ozone from the stratosphere. The high frequency of dry air with elevated ozone concentrations in the upper troposphere in June suggests that the air is transported from the stratosphere. HYSPLIT trajectory analysis supports the hypothesis that enhanced ozone in the free troposphere is not likely due to transport from sources of anthropogenic activity.
3. SMM mesospheric ozone measurements NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Aikin, A. C. 1990-01-01 The main objective was to understand the secular and seasonal behavior of ozone in the lower mesosphere, 50 to 70 km. This altitude region is important in understanding the factors which determine ozone behavior. A secondary objective is the study of stratospheric ozone in the polar regions. Use is made of results from the SBUV satellite borne instrument. In the Arctic the interaction between chlorine compounds and low molecular weight hydrocarbons is studied. More than 30,000 profiles were obtained using the UVSP instrument on the SMM spacecraft. Several orbits of ozone data per day were obtained allowing study of the current rise in solar activity from the minimum until the present. Analysis of Nimbus 7 SBUV data in Antarctic spring indicates that ozone is depleted within the polar vortex relative to ozone outside the vortex. This depletion confirms the picture of ozone loss at altitudes where polar stratospheric clouds exist. In addition, there is ozone loss above the cloud level indicating that there is another mechanism in addition to ozone loss initiated by heterogeneous chlorine reactions on cloud particles.
4. A comparative study of ozonation, iron coated zeolite catalyzed ozonation and granular activated carbon catalyzed ozonation of humic acid. PubMed Gümüş, Dilek; Akbal, Feryal 2017-05-01 This study compares ozonation [O 3 ], iron coated zeolite catalyzed ozonation [ICZ-O 3 ] and granular activated carbon catalyzed ozonation [GAC-O 3 ] for removal of humic acid from an aqueous solution. The results were evaluated by the removal of DOC that specifies organic matter, UV 254 absorbance, SUVA [Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance at 254 nm] and absorbance at 436 nm. When ozonation was used alone, DOC removal was 21.4% at an ozone concentration of 10 mg/L, pH 6.50 and oxidation time of 60 min. The results showed that the use of ICZ or GAC as a catalyst increased the decomposition of humic acid compared to ozonation alone. DOC removal efficiencies were 62% and 48.1% at pH 6.5, at a catalyst loading of 0.75 g/L, and oxidation time of 60 min for ICZ and GAC, respectively. The oxidation experiments were also carried out using 150 mg/l], which could be much reduced by the O[3]/GAC treatment. Results from the O[3]/GAC experiments were compared with those obtained in single ozonation, single adsorption onto GAC and sequential O[3]-GAC adsorption experiments. While single processes and the sequential one showed limited capacity to remove organic matter for the food-processing effluent [COD removal