Semen extended in a liquid state, together with conventional artificial insemination [AI], is the sole sperm technology used by the pig industry. Sperm technologies known for many years, such as cryopreservation, and others developed during recent years, such as sperm sexing, have not yet been integrated into commercial use. Moreover, there has recently been an explosion of new technologies, such as sperm mediated gene transfer or encapsulated spermatozoa which need additional supportive techniques before they can be economically applied to pig breeding. The speed with which the aforementioned sperm technologies are accepted and utilized by the pig industry depends on the availability of efficient insemination procedures. Therefore, AI is entering a new dimension where it will be converted into a tool for the efficient application of current and new sperm technologies. Some new insemination procedures have been recently developed. This review examines the suitability of available insemination procedures for the efficient application of current, emergent and future sperm technology to the pig industry.
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Application of preserved boar semen for artificial insemination: Past, present and future challenges
Dagmar Waberski et al. Theriogenology. 2019.
Abstract
Artificial insemination [AI] is now used for breeding more than 90% of the sows in most of the world's primary pork producing countries. Despite the advancement of methods to cryopreserve boar semen, frozen semen has not been routinely used on farms because of limited efficiency. Liquid semen on the other hand, with 1.5-3 billion sperm per dose preserved up to seven days in long-term extenders, is in common use and is largely responsible for the widespread use of AI. Breeding organizations have defined individual thresholds for useable semen at 60-80% for motility and bacterial load of 0-1000 CFU/mL. Improvement in preservation techniques for liquid semen and better education of producers has been responsible for the higher efficiency of pig breeding, as measured by conception rate and increased litter size, with a minimum number of sperm. The introduction of deep intrauterine AI and advances in breeding management have also been contributing factors. The present article reviews the worldwide application of preserved boar semen from past to present and delineates future challenges. Pathways to increase breeding efficiency are outlined. The reconciliation of AI with sustainable breeding strategies is increasingly important. In this sense, guidelines for the prudent use of antibiotics in semen extenders are proposed. More efficient and sustainable pig AI awaits the introduction of sex-sorted sperm into AI practice. Another critical milestone that needs to be achieved is the replacement of conventional antibiotics in extenders.
Keywords: Artificial insemination; Boar; Pig; Semen preservation.
Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Hotspots and bottlenecks for the enhancement of the environmental sustainability of pig systems, with emphasis on European pig systems.
How successful is AI in pigs?
Swine AI-trials conducted to date are promising, as showed by Vigo et al [25] in a large AI-trial [4,245 AI-sows] achieving farrowing rates of 84.97% and an average of 12.56 piglets born per litter after a single AI with just 2.5 x109 encapsulated sperm at the beginning of oestrus.
What are the advantages of artificial insemination in pigs?
Artificial insemination [AI] offers several advantages over natural breeding, such as genetic improvement, ability to choose from a wide selection of boars, fewer boars needed, and the financial and time management resources.
What is the application of artificial insemination in animals?
Benefits of AI in Livestock There is no need of maintenance of breeding bull for a herd, hence the cost of maintenance of breeding bull is saved. It prevents the spread of certain diseases and sterility due to genital diseases. The sperm of one high-quality bull acn be used to inseminate 20-25 cows at the same time.
What are 3 advantages of using artificial insemination in breeding livestock?
Advantages of Artificial Insemination in Livestock Production.
Rapid improvement in the herd, milk, and beef production..
Extensive utilization of the best bulls, allowing a wider choice for farmers. ... .
Cost-effectiveness compared to using a bull, as bulls require substantial feed resources..