Which of the following best describes a script

1] In computer programming, a script is a program or sequence of instructions that is interpreted or carried out by another program rather than by the computer processor [as a compiled program is].

Some languages have been conceived expressly as script languages. Among the most popular are Perl, Rexx [on IBM mainframes], JavaScript, and Tcl/Tk. In the context of the World Wide Web, Perl, VBScript, and similar script languages are often written to handle forms input or other services for a Web site and are processed on the Web server. A JavaScript script in a Web page runs "client-side" on the Web browser.

In general, script languages are easier and faster to code in than the more structured and compiled languages such as C and C++. However, a script takes longer to run than a compiled program since each instruction is being handled by another program first [requiring additional instructions] rather than directly by the basic instruction processor.

2] A script is sometimes used to mean a list of operating system commands that are prestored in a file and performed sequentially by the operating system's command interpreter whenever the list name is entered as a single command.

3] Multimedia development programs use "script" to mean the sequence of instructions that you enter to indicate how a multimedia sequence of files will be presented [the sequence of images and sounds, their timing, and the possible results of user interaction].

This was last updated in December 2021

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answered

1. Which of the following best describes a "script"? A. The acts and scenes in a play/ drama
B. The written words that characters speak and instructions in a
play/drama
C. The place where the drama is being performed
D. All of the above​

2

See answers

Chinese technology giant Huawei says it has pulled itself out of “crisis mode” following years of U.S. restrictions that have stifled its sales in overseas markets, though its revenue for 2022 did not grow from a year earlier

This specification defines the Extensible Stylesheet Language [XSL]. XSL is a language for expressing stylesheets. Given a class of arbitrarily structured XML [XML] or [XML 1.1] documents or data files, designers use an XSL stylesheet to express their intentions about how that structured content should be presented; that is, how the source content should be styled, laid out, and paginated onto some presentation medium, such as a window in a Web browser or a hand-held device, or a set of physical pages in a catalog, report, pamphlet, or book.

1.1 Processing a Stylesheet

An XSL stylesheet processor accepts a document or data in XML and an XSL stylesheet and produces the presentation of that XML source content that was intended by the designer of that stylesheet. There are two aspects of this presentation process: first, constructing a result tree from the XML source tree and second, interpreting the result tree to produce formatted results suitable for presentation on a display, on paper, in speech, or onto other media. The first aspect is called tree transformation and the second is called formatting. The process of formatting is performed by the formatter. This formatter may simply be a rendering engine inside a browser.

Tree transformation allows the structure of the result tree to be significantly different from the structure of the source tree. For example, one could add a table-of-contents as a filtered selection of an original source document, or one could rearrange source data into a sorted tabular presentation. In constructing the result tree, the tree transformation process also adds the information necessary to format that result tree.

Formatting is enabled by including formatting semantics in the result tree. Formatting semantics are expressed in terms of a catalog of classes of formatting objects. The nodes of the result tree are formatting objects. The classes of formatting objects denote typographic abstractions such as page, paragraph, table, and so forth. Finer control over the presentation of these abstractions is provided by a set of formatting properties, such as those controlling indents, word- and letter spacing, and widow, orphan, and hyphenation control. In XSL, the classes of formatting objects and formatting properties provide the vocabulary for expressing presentation intent.

The XSL processing model is intended to be conceptual only. An implementation is not mandated to provide these as separate processes. Furthermore, implementations are free to process the source document in any way that produces the same result as if it were processed using the conceptual XSL processing model. A diagram depicting the detailed conceptual model is shown below.

   [D]

XSL Two Processes: Transformation & Formatting

1.1.1 Tree Transformations

Tree transformation constructs the result tree. In XSL, this tree is called the element and attribute tree, with objects primarily in the "formatting object" namespace. In this tree, a formatting object is represented as an XML element, with the properties represented by a set of XML attribute-value pairs. The content of the formatting object is the content of the XML element. Tree transformation is defined in the XSLT Recommendation [XSLT]. A diagram depicting this conceptual process is shown below.

   [D]

Transform to Another Vocabulary

The XSL stylesheet is used in tree transformation. A stylesheet contains a set of tree construction rules. The tree construction rules have two parts: a pattern that is matched against elements in the source tree and a template that constructs a portion of the result tree. This allows a stylesheet to be applicable to a wide class of documents that have similar source tree structures.

In some implementations of XSL/XSLT, the result of tree construction can be output as an XML document. This would allow an XML document which contains formatting objects and formatting properties to be output. This capability is neither necessary for an XSL processor nor is it encouraged. There are, however, cases where this is important, such as a server preparing input for a known client; for example, the way that a WAP [//www.wapforum.org/faqs/index.htm] server prepares specialized input for a WAP capable hand held device. To preserve accessibility, designers of Web systems should not develop architectures that require [or use] the transmission of documents containing formatting objects and properties unless either the transmitter knows that the client can accept formatting objects and properties or the transmitted document contains a reference to the source document[s] used in the construction of the document with the formatting objects and properties.

1.1.2 Formatting

Formatting interprets the result tree in its formatting object tree form to produce the presentation intended by the designer of the stylesheet from which the XML element and attribute tree in the "fo" namespace was constructed.

The vocabulary of formatting objects supported by XSL - the set of

   
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81 element types - represents the set of typographic abstractions available to the designer. Semantically, each formatting object represents a specification for a part of the pagination, layout, and styling information that will be applied to the content of that formatting object as a result of formatting the whole result tree. Each formatting object class represents a particular kind of formatting behavior. For example, the block formatting object class represents the breaking of the content of a paragraph into lines. Other parts of the specification may come from other formatting objects; for example, the formatting of a paragraph [block formatting object] depends on both the specification of properties on the block formatting object and the specification of the layout structure into which the block is placed by the formatter.

The properties associated with an instance of a formatting object control the formatting of that object. Some of the properties, for example "color", directly specify the formatted result. Other properties, for example 'space-before', only constrain the set of possible formatted results without specifying any particular formatted result. The formatter may make choices among other possible considerations such as esthetics.

Formatting consists of the generation of a tree of geometric areas, called the area tree. The geometric areas are positioned on a sequence of one or more pages [a browser typically uses a single page]. Each geometric area has a position on the page, a specification of what to display in that area and may have a background, padding, and borders. For example, formatting a single character generates an area sufficiently large enough to hold the glyph that is used to present the character visually and the glyph is what is displayed in this area. These areas may be nested. For example, the glyph may be positioned within a line, within a block, within a page.

Rendering takes the area tree, the abstract model of the presentation [in terms of pages and their collections of areas], and causes a presentation to appear on the relevant medium, such as a browser window on a computer display screen or sheets of paper. The semantics of rendering are not described in detail in this specification.

The first step in formatting is to "objectify" the element and attribute tree obtained via an XSLT transformation. Objectifying the tree basically consists of turning the elements in the tree into formatting object nodes and the attributes into property specifications. The result of this step is the formatting object tree.

   [D]

Build the XSL Formatting Object Tree

As part of the step of objectifying, the characters that occur in the result tree are replaced by fo:character nodes. Characters in text nodes which consist solely of white space characters and which are children of elements whose corresponding formatting objects do not permit fo:character nodes as children are ignored. Other characters within elements whose corresponding formatting objects do not permit fo:character nodes as children are errors.

The content of the fo:instream-foreign-object is not objectified; instead the object representing the fo:instream-foreign-object element points to the appropriate node in the element and attribute tree. Similarly any non-XSL namespace child element of fo:declarations is not objectified; instead the object representing the fo:declarations element points to the appropriate node in the element and attribute tree.

The second phase in formatting is to refine the formatting object tree to produce the refined formatting object tree. The refinement process handles the mapping from properties to traits. This consists of: [1] shorthand expansion into individual properties, [2] mapping of corresponding properties, [3] determining computed values [may include expression evaluation], [4] handling white-space-treatment and linefeed-treatment property effects, and [5] inheritance. Details on refinement are found in 5 Property Refinement / Resolution.

The refinement step is depicted in the diagram below.

   [D]

Refine the Formatting Object Tree

The third step in formatting is the construction of the area tree. The area tree is generated as described in the semantics of each formatting object. The traits applicable to each formatting object class control how the areas are generated. Although every formatting property may be specified on every formatting object, for each formatting object class, only a subset of the formatting properties are used to determine the traits for objects of that class.

Area generation is depicted in the diagram below.

   [D]

Generate the Area Tree

   [D]

Summary of the Process

1.2 Benefits of XSL

Unlike the case of HTML, element names in XML have no intrinsic presentation semantics. Absent a stylesheet, a processor could not possibly know how to render the content of an XML document other than as an undifferentiated string of characters. XSL provides a comprehensive model and a vocabulary for writing such stylesheets using XML syntax.

This document is intended for implementors of such XSL processors. Although it can be used as a reference manual for writers of XSL stylesheets, it is not tutorial in nature.

XSL builds on the prior work on Cascading Style Sheets [CSS2] and the Document Style Semantics and Specification Language [DSSSL]. While many of XSL's formatting objects and properties correspond to the common set of properties, this would not be sufficient by itself to accomplish all the goals of XSL. In particular, XSL introduces a model for pagination and layout that extends what is currently available and that can in turn be extended, in a straightforward way, to page structures beyond the simple page models described in this specification.

1.2.1 Paging and Scrolling

Doing both scrollable document windows and pagination introduces new complexities to the styling [and pagination] of XML content. Because pagination introduces arbitrary boundaries [pages or regions on pages] on the content, concepts such as the control of spacing at page, region, and block boundaries become extremely important. There are also concepts related to adjusting the spaces between lines [to adjust the page vertically] and between words and letters [to justify the lines of text]. These do not always arise with simple scrollable document windows, such as those found in today's browsers. However, there is a correspondence between a page with multiple regions, such as a body, header, footer, and left and right sidebars, and a Web presentation using "frames". The distribution of content into the regions is basically the same in both cases, and XSL handles both cases in an analogous fashion.

XSL was developed to give designers control over the features needed when documents are paginated as well as to provide an equivalent "frame" based structure for browsing on the Web. To achieve this control, XSL has extended the set of formatting objects and formatting properties beyond those available in either CSS2 or DSSSL. In addition, the selection of XML source components that can be styled [elements, attributes, text nodes, comments, and processing instructions] is based on XSLT and XPath [XPath], thus providing the user with an extremely powerful selection mechanism.

The design of the formatting objects and properties extensions was first inspired by DSSSL. The actual extensions, however, do not always look like the DSSSL constructs on which they were based. To either conform more closely with the CSS2 specification or to handle cases more simply than in DSSSL, some extensions have diverged from DSSSL.

There are several ways in which extensions were made. In some cases, it sufficed to add new values, as in the case of those added to reflect a variety of writing-modes, such as top-to-bottom and bottom-to-top, rather than just left-to-right and right-to-left.

In other cases, common properties that are expressed in CSS2 as one property with multiple simultaneous values, were split into several new properties to provide independent control over independent aspects of the property. For example, the "white-space" property was split into four properties: a "white-space-treatment" property that controls how white space is processed, a "linefeed-treatment" property that controls how line feeds are processed, a "white-space-collapse" property that controls how multiple consecutive spaces are collapsed, and a "wrap-option" property that controls whether lines are automatically wrapped when they encounter a boundary, such as the edge of a column. The effect of splitting a property into two or more [sub-]properties is to make the equivalent existing CSS2 property a "shorthand" for the set of sub-properties it subsumes.

In still other cases, it was necessary to create new properties. For example, there are a number of new properties that control how hyphenation is done. These include identifying the script and country the text is from as well as such properties as "hyphenation-character" [which varies from script to script].

Some of the formatting objects and many of the properties in XSL come from the CSS2 specification, ensuring compatibility between the two.

There are four classes of XSL properties that can be identified as:

1. CSS properties by copy [unchanged from their CSS2 semantics]

2. CSS properties with extended values

3. CSS properties broken apart and/or extended

4. XSL-only properties

1.2.2 Selectors and Tree Construction

As mentioned above, XSL uses XSLT and XPath for tree construction and pattern selection, thus providing a high degree of control over how portions of the source content are presented, and what properties are associated with those content portions, even where mixed namespaces are involved.

For example, the patterns of XPath allow the selection of a portion of a string or the Nth text node in a paragraph. This allows users to have a rule that makes all third paragraphs in procedural steps appear in bold, for instance. In addition, properties can be associated with a content portion based on the numeric value of that content portion or attributes on the containing element. This allows one to have a style rule that makes negative values appear in "red" and positive values appear in "black". Also, text can be generated depending on a particular context in the source tree, or portions of the source tree may be presented multiple times with different styles.

1.2.3 An Extended Page Layout Model

There is a set of formatting objects in XSL to describe both the layout structure of a page or "frame" [how big is the body; are there multiple columns; are there headers, footers, or sidebars; how big are these] and the rules by which the XML source content is placed into these "containers".

The layout structure is defined in terms of one or more instances of a "simple-page-master" formatting object. This formatting object allows one to define independently filled regions for the body [with multiple columns], a header, a footer, and sidebars on a page. These simple-page-masters can be used in page sequences that specify in which order the various simple-page-masters shall be used. The page sequence also specifies how styled content is to fill those pages. This model allows one to specify a sequence of simple-page-masters for a book chapter where the page instances are automatically generated by the formatter or an explicit sequence of pages such as used in a magazine layout. Styled content is assigned to the various regions on a page by associating the name of the region with names attached to styled content in the result tree.

In addition to these layout formatting objects and properties, there are properties designed to provide the level of control over formatting that is typical of paginated documents. This includes control over hyphenation, and expanding the control over text that is kept with other text in the same line, column, or on the same page.

1.2.4 A Comprehensive Area Model

The extension of the properties and formatting objects, particularly in the area on control over the spacing of blocks, lines, and page regions and within lines, necessitated an extension of the CSS2 box formatting model. This extended model is described in 4 Area Model of this specification. The CSS2 box model is a subset of this model. See the mapping of the CSS2 box model terminology to the XSL Area Model terminology in 7.2 XSL Areas and the CSS Box Model. The area model provides a vocabulary for describing the relationships and space-adjustment between letters, words, lines, and blocks.

1.2.5 Internationalization and Writing-Modes

There are some scripts, in particular in the Far East, that are typically set with words proceeding from top-to-bottom and lines proceeding either from right-to-left [most common] or from left-to-right. Other directions are also used. Properties expressed in terms of a fixed, absolute frame of reference [using top, bottom, left, and right] and which apply only to a notion of words proceeding from left to right or right to left do not generalize well to text written in those scripts.

For this reason XSL [and before it DSSSL] uses a relative frame of reference for the formatting object and property descriptions. Just as the CSS2 frame of reference has four directions [top, bottom, left and right], so does the XSL relative frame of reference have four directions [before, after, start, and end], but these are relative to the "writing-mode". The "writing-mode" property is a way of controlling the directions needed by a formatter to correctly place glyphs, words, lines, blocks, etc. on the page or screen. The "writing-mode" expresses the basic directions noted above. There are writing-modes for "left-to-right - top-to-bottom" [denoted as "lr-tb"], "right-to-left - top-to-bottom" [denoted as "rl-tb"], "top-to-bottom - right-to-left" [denoted as "tb-rl"] and more. See 7.29.7 writing-mode for the description of the "writing-mode" property. Typically, the writing-mode value specifies two directions: the first is the inline-progression-direction which determines the direction in which words will be placed and the second is the block-progression-direction which determines the direction in which blocks [and lines] are placed one after another. In addition, the inline-progression-direction for a sequence of characters may be implicitly determined using bidirectional character types for those characters from the Unicode Character Database [UNICODE Character Database] for those characters and the Unicode bidirectional [BIDI] algorithm [UNICODE UAX #9].

Besides the directions that are explicit in the name of the value of the "writing-mode" property, the writing-mode determines other directions needed by the formatter, such as the shift-direction [used for subscripts and superscripts], etc.

1.2.6 Linking

Because XML, unlike HTML, has no built-in semantics, there is no built-in notion of a hypertext link. In this context, "link" refers to "hypertext link" as defined in //www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/links.html#h-12.1 as well as some of the aspects of "link" as defined in //www.w3.org/TR/xlink/#intro, where "link is a relationship between two or more resources or portions of resources, made explicit by an XLink linking element". Therefore, XSL has a formatting object that expresses the dual semantics of formatting the content of the link reference and the semantics of following the link.

XSL provides a few mechanisms for changing the presentation of a link target that is being visited. One of these mechanisms permits indicating the link target as such; another allows for control over the placement of the link target in the viewing area; still another permits some degree of control over the way the link target is displayed in relationship to the originating link anchor.

XSL also provides a general mechanism for changing the way elements are formatted depending on their active state. This is particularly useful in relation to links, to indicate whether a given link reference has already been visited, or to apply a given style depending on whether the mouse, for instance, is hovering over the link reference or not.

2 XSL Transformation

2.1 Tree Construction

The Tree Construction is described in "XSL Transformations" [XSLT]. The data model in XSLT is capable of representing either an XML 1.0 document [conforming to [XML] and [XML Names]] or an XML 1.1 document [conforming to [XML 1.1] and [XML Names 1.1]], and it makes no distinction between the two. In principle, therefore, XSL 1.1 can be used with either of these XML versions; the only differences arise outside the boundary of the transformation proper, while creating the data model from textual XML [parsing].

The provisions in "XSL Transformations" form an integral part of this Recommendation and are considered normative. Because the data model is the same whether the original document was XML 1.0 or XML 1.1, the semantics of XSLT processing do not depend on the version of XML used by the original document. There is no reason in principle why all the documents used in a single transformation must conform to the same version of XML.

2.2 XSL Namespace

The XSL namespace has the URI

   
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82.

Note:

The

   
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83 in the URI indicates the year in which the URI was allocated by the W3C. It does not indicate the version of XSL being used.

XSL processors must use the XML namespaces mechanism [[XML Names] or [XML Names 1.1]] to recognize elements and attributes from this namespace. Elements from the XSL namespace are recognized only in the stylesheet, not in the source document. Implementors must not extend the XSL namespace with additional elements or attributes. Instead, any extension must be in a separate namespace. The expanded-name of extension elements must have a non-null namespace URI.

This specification uses the prefix

   
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81 for referring to elements in the XSL namespace. However, XSL stylesheets are free to use any prefix, provided that there is a namespace declaration that binds the prefix to the URI of the XSL namespace.

An element from the XSL namespace may have any attribute not from the XSL namespace, provided that the expanded-name of the attribute has a non-null namespace URI. The presence of such attributes must not change the behavior of XSL elements and functions defined in this document. This means that an extension attribute may change the processing of an FO, but only provided that the constraints specified by XSL on that FO remain satisfied. Thus, an XSL processor is always free to ignore such attributes, and must ignore such attributes without giving an error if it does not recognize the namespace URI. Such attributes can provide, for example, unique identifiers, optimization hints, or documentation.

It is an error for an element from the XSL namespace to have attributes with expanded-names that have null namespace URIs [i.e., attributes with unprefixed names] other than attributes defined in this document.

Note:

The conventions used for the names of XSL elements, attributes, and functions are as follows: names are all lowercase, hyphens are used to separate words, dots are used to separate names for the components of complex datatypes, and abbreviations are used only if they already appear in the syntax of a related language such as XML or HTML.

3 Introduction to Formatting

The aim of this section is to describe the general process of formatting, enough to read the area model and the formatting object descriptions and properties and to understand the process of refinement.

Formatting is the process of turning the result of an XSL transformation into a tangible form for the reader or listener. This process comprises several steps, some of which depend on others in a non-sequential way. Our model for formatting will be the construction of an area tree, which is an ordered tree containing geometric information for the placement of every glyph, shape, and image in the document, together with information embodying spacing constraints and other rendering information; this information is referred to under the rubric of traits, which are to areas what properties are to formatting objects and attributes are to XML elements. 4 Area Model will describe the area tree and define the default placement constraints on stacked areas. However, this is an abstract model which need not be actually implemented in this way in a formatter, so long as the resulting tangible form obeys the implied constraints. Constraints might conflict to the point where it is impossible to satisfy them all. In that case, it is implementation-defined which constraints should be relaxed and in what order to satisfy the others.

Formatting objects are elements in the formatting object tree, whose names are from the XSL namespace; a formatting object belongs to a class of formatting objects identified by its element name. The formatting behavior of each class of formatting objects is described in terms of what areas are created by a formatting object of that class, how the traits of the areas are established, and how the areas are structured hierarchically with respect to areas created by other formatting objects. 6 Formatting Objects and 7 Formatting Properties describe formatting objects and their properties.

Some formatting objects are block-level and others are inline-level. This refers to the types of areas which they generate, which in turn refer to their default placement method. Inline-areas [for example, glyph-areas] are collected into lines and the direction in which they are stacked is the inline-progression-direction. Lines are a type of block-area and these are stacked in a direction perpendicular to the inline-progression-direction, called the block-progression-direction. See 4 Area Model for detailed decriptions of these area types and directions.

In Western writing systems, the block-progression-direction is "top-to-bottom" and the inline-progression-direction is "left-to-right". This specification treats other writing systems as well and introduces the terms "block" and "inline" instead of using absolute indicators like "vertical" and "horizontal". Similarly this specification tries to give relatively-specified directions ["before" and "after" in the block-progression-direction, "start" and "end" in the inline-progression-direction] where appropriate, either in addition to or in place of absolutely-specified directions such as "top", "bottom", "left", and "right". These are interpreted according to the value of the writing-mode property.

Central to this model of formatting is refinement. This is a computational process which finalizes the specification of properties based on the attribute values in the XML result tree. Though the XML result tree and the formatting object tree have very similar structure, it is helpful to think of them as separate conceptual entities. Refinement involves

• propagating the various inherited values of properties [both implicitly and those with an attribute value of "inherit"],

• evaluating expressions in property value specifications into actual values, which are then used to determine the value of the properties,

• converting relative numerics to absolute numerics,

• constructing some composite properties from more than one attribute

Some of these operations [particularly evaluating expressions] depend on knowledge of the area tree. Thus refinement is not necessarily a straightforward, sequential procedure, but may involve look-ahead, back-tracking, or control-splicing with other processes in the formatter. Refinement is described more fully in 5 Property Refinement / Resolution.

To summarize, formatting proceeds by constructing an area tree [containing areas and their traits] which satisfies constraints based on information contained in the XML result tree [containing element nodes and their attributes]. Conceptually, there are intermediate steps of constructing a formatting object tree [containing formatting objects and their properties] and refinement; these steps may proceed in an interleaved fashion during the construction of the area tree.

3.1 Conceptual Procedure

This subsection contains a conceptual description of how formatting could work. This conceptual procedure does not mandate any particular algorithms or data structures as long as the result obeys the implied constraints.

The procedure works by processing formatting objects. Each object, while being processed, may initiate processing of other objects. While the objects are hierarchically structured, the processing is not; processing of a given object is rather like a co-routine which may pass control to other processes, but pick up again later where it left off. The procedure starts by initiating the processing of the fo:root formatting object.

Unless otherwise specified, processing a formatting object creates areas and returns them to its parent to be placed in the area tree. Like a co-routine, when given control, it initiates, then continues formatting of its own children [if any], or some subset of them. The formatting object supplies parameters to its children based on the traits of areas already in the area tree, possibly including areas generated by the formatting object or its ancestors. It then disposes of the areas returned by its formatting object children. It might simply return such an area to its parent [and will always do this if it does not generate areas itself], or alternatively it might arrange the area in the area tree according to the semantics of the formatting object; this may involve changing its geometric position. It terminates processing when all its children have terminated processing [if initiated] and it is finished generating areas.

Some formatting objects do not themselves generate areas; instead these formatting objects simply return the areas returned to them by their children. Alternatively, a formatting object may continue to generate [and return] areas based on information discovered while formatting its own children; for example, the fo:page-sequence formatting object will continue generating pages as long as it contains a flow with unprocessed descendants.

Areas returned to an fo:root formatting object are page-viewport-areas, and are simply placed as children of the area tree root in the order in which they are returned, with no geometrical implications.

As a general rule, the order of the area tree parallels the order of the formatting object tree. That is, if one formatting object precedes another in the depth-first traversal of the formatting object tree, with neither containing the other, then all the areas generated by the first will precede all the areas generated by the second in the depth-first traversal of the area tree, unless otherwise specified. Typical exceptions to this rule would be things like side floats, before floats, and footnotes.

At the end of the procedure, the areas and their traits have been constructed, and they are required to satisfy constraints described in the definitions of their associated formatting objects, and in the area model section. In particular, size and position of the areas will be subject to the placement and spacing constraints described in the area model, unless the formatting object definition indicates otherwise.

The formatting object definitions, property descriptions, and area model are not algorithms. Thus, the formatting object semantics do not specify how the line-breaking algorithm must work in collecting characters into words, positioning words within lines, shifting lines within a container, etc. Rather this specification assumes that the formatter has done these things and describes the constraints which the result is supposed to satisfy. Thus, the constraints do not specify at what time an implementation makes use of that information; the constraints only specify what must be true after processing has been completed. An actual implementation may well make use of some constraints at a time other than when formatting the formatting object for which the constraint applies. For example, the constraint given by the "hyphenate" property on an fo:character would typically be used during line-building, rather than when progessing the fo:character. Other examples include constraints for keeps and breaks.

4 Area Model

In XSL, one creates a tree of formatting objects that serve as inputs or specifications to a formatter. The formatter generates a hierarchical arrangement of areas which comprise the formatted result. This section defines the general model of these areas and how they interact. The purpose is to present an abstract framework which is used in describing the semantics of formatting objects. It should be seen as describing a series of constraints for conforming implementations, and not as prescribing particular algorithms.

4.1 Introduction

The formatter generates an ordered tree, the area tree, which describes a geometric structuring of the output medium. The terms child, sibling, parent, descendant, and ancestor refer to this tree structure. The tree has a root node.

Each area tree node other than the root is called an area and is associated to a rectangular portion of the output medium. Areas are not formatting objects; rather, a formatting object generates zero or more rectangular areas, and normally each area is generated by a unique object in the formatting object tree.

Note:

The only exceptions to this rule are when several leaf nodes of the formatting object tree are combined to generate a single area, for example when several characters in sequence generate a single ligature glyph. In all such cases, relevant properties such as font-family and font-size must be the same for all the generating formatting objects [see section 4.7.2 Line-building].

An area has a content-rectangle, the portion in which its child areas are assigned, and optional padding and border. The diagram shows how these portions are related to one another. The outer bound of the border is called the border-rectangle, and the outer bound of the padding is called the padding-rectangle.

   [D]

Each area has a set of traits, a mapping of names to values, in the way elements have attributes and formatting objects have properties. Individual traits are used either for rendering the area or for defining constraints on the result of formatting, or both. Traits used strictly for formatting purposes or for defining constraints may be called formatting traits, and traits used for rendering may be called rendering traits. Traits whose values are copied or derived from a property of the same or a corresponding name are listed in B Property Summary and 5 Property Refinement / Resolution; other traits are listed below.

Note:

Traits are also associated with FOs during the process of refinement. Some traits are assigned during formatting, while others are already present after refinement.

The semantics of each type of formatting object that generates areas are given in terms of which areas it generates and their place in the area-tree hierarchy. This may be further modified by interactions between the various types of formatting objects. The properties of the formatting object determine what areas are generated and how the formatting object's content is distributed among them. [For example, a word that is not to be hyphenated may not have its glyphs distributed into areas on two separate line-areas.]

The traits of an area are either:

directly-derived: the values of directly-derived traits are the computed value of a property of the same or a corresponding name on the generating formatting object, or

indirectly-derived: the values of indirectly-derived traits are the result of a computation involving the computed values of one or more properties on the generating formatting object, other traits on this area or other interacting areas [ancestors, parent, siblings, and/or children] and/or one or more values constructed by the formatter. The calculation formula may depend on the type of the formatting object.

This description assumes that refined values have been computed for all properties of formatting objects in the result tree, i.e., all relative and corresponding values have been computed and the inheritable values have been propagated as described in 5 Property Refinement / Resolution. This allows the process of inheritance to be described once and avoids a need to repeat information on computing values in this description.

The indirectly-derived traits are: block-progression-direction, inline-progression-direction, shift-direction, glyph-orientation, is-reference-area, is-viewport-area, left-position, right-position, top-position, bottom-position, left-offset, top-offset, is-first, is-last, alignment-point, area-class, start-intrusion-adjustment, end-intrusion-adjustment, generated-by, returned-by, folio-number, blink, underline-score, overline-score, through-score, underline-score-color, overline-score-color, through-score-color, alignment-baseline, baseline-shift, nominal-font, dominant-baseline-identifier, actual-baseline-table, and script.

4.2 Rectangular Areas

4.2.1 Area Types

There are two types of areas: block-areas and inline-areas. These differ according to how they are typically stacked by the formatter. An area can have block-area children or inline-area children as determined by the generating formatting object, but a given area's children must all be of one type. Although block-areas and inline-areas are typically stacked, some areas can be explicitly positioned.

A line-area is a special kind of block-area whose children are all inline-areas. A glyph-area is a special kind of inline-area which has no child areas, and has a single glyph image as its content.

Typical examples of areas are: a paragraph rendered by using an fo:block formatting object, which generates block-areas, and a character rendered by using an fo:character formatting object, which generates an inline-area [in fact, a glyph-area].

4.2.2 Common Traits

Associated with any area are two directions, which are derived from the generating formatting object's writing-mode and reference-orientation properties: the block-progression-direction is the direction for stacking block-area descendants of the area, and the inline-progression-direction is the direction for stacking inline-area descendants of the area. Another trait, the shift-direction, is present on inline-areas and refers to the direction in which baseline shifts are applied. Also the glyph-orientation defines the orientation of glyph-images in the rendered result.

If the reference-orientation for an area is 0, then the top, bottom, left, and right edges of the content are parallel to those of the area's parent and consistent with them. Otherwise the edges are rotated from those of the area's parent as described in 7.21.3 reference-orientation. The inline-progression-direction and block-progression-direction are determined by the location of these edges as described in 7.29.7 writing-mode.

The Boolean trait is-reference-area determines whether or not an area establishes a coordinate system for specifying indents. An area for which this trait is

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

85 is called a reference-area. Only a reference-area may have a block-progression-direction which is different from that of its parent. A reference-area may be either a block-area or an inline-area. Only specific formatting objects generate reference areas.

The Boolean trait is-viewport-area determines whether or not an area establishes an opening through which its descendant areas can be viewed, and can be used to present clipped or scrolled material; for example, in printing applications where bleed and trim is desired. An area for which this trait is

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

85 is called a viewport-area. A viewport-area also has the value

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

85 for the is-reference-area trait.

A common construct is a viewport/reference pair. This is a viewport-area V and a block-area reference-area R, where R is the sole child of V and where the start-edge and end-edge of the content-rectangle of R are parallel to the start-edge and end-edge of the content-rectangle of V.

Each area has the traits top-position, bottom-position, left-position, and right-position which represent the distance from the edges of its content-rectangle to the like-named edges of the nearest ancestor reference-area [or the page-viewport-area in the case of areas generated by descendants of formatting objects whose absolute-position is

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

88]; the left-offset and top-offset determine the amount by which a relatively-positioned area is shifted for rendering. These traits receive their values during the formatting process, or in the case of absolutely positioned areas, during refinement.

The block-progression-dimension and inline-progression-dimension of an area represent the extent of the content-rectangle of that area in each of the two relative directions.

Other traits include:

• the is-first and is-last traits, which are Boolean traits indicating the order in which areas are generated and returned [See 6.1.1 Definitions Common to Many Formatting Objects] by a given formatting object. is-first is

     
      LL
      LLL
      
        RRR
        RR
      
    
  

  85 for the first area [or only area] generated and returned by a formatting object, and is-last is

     
      LL
      LLL
      
        RRR
        RR
      
    
  

  85 for the last area [or only area];

• the amount of space outside the border-rectangle: space-before, space-after, space-start, and space-end [though some of these may be required to be zero on certain classes of area];

  Note:

  "Before", "after", "start", and "end" refer to relative directions and are defined below.

• the thickness of each of the four sides of the padding: padding-before, padding-after, padding-start, and padding-end;

• the style, thickness, and color of each of the four sides of the border: border-before, etc.;

• the background rendering of the area: background-color, background-image, and other background traits; and

• the nominal-font for an area, as determined by the font properties and the character descendants of the area's generating formatting object. [see 5.5.7 Font Properties]

Unless otherwise specified, the traits of a formatting object are present on each of its generated areas, and with the same value. [However, see sections 4.7.2 Line-building and 4.9.4 Border, Padding, and Background.] The id trait is computed for formatting objects but is not present on areas.

4.2.3 Geometric Definitions

As described above, the content-rectangle is the rectangle bounding the inside of the padding and is used to describe the constraints on the positions of descendant areas. It is possible that marks from descendant glyphs or other areas may appear outside the content-rectangle.

Related to this is the allocation-rectangle of an area, which is used to describe the constraints on the position of the area within its parent area. For an inline-area this is either the normal-allocation-rectangle or the large-allocation-rectangle. The normal-allocation-rectangle extends to the content-rectangle in the block-progression-direction and to the border-rectangle in the inline-progression-direction. The large-allocation-rectangle is the border-rectangle. Unless otherwise specified, the allocation-rectangle for an area is the normal-allocation-rectangle.

   [D]

Normal-allocation-rectangle of an inline-area

   [D]

Large-allocation-rectangle of an inline-area

For a block-area, the allocation-rectangle extends to the border-rectangle in the block-progression-direction and outside the content-rectangle in the inline-progression-direction by an amount equal to the end-indent, and in the opposite direction by an amount equal to the start-indent.

Note:

The inclusion of space outside the border-rectangle of a block-area in the inline-progression-direction does not affect placement constraints, and is intended to promote compatibility with the CSS box model.

   [D]

Allocation- and content-rectangles of a block-area

The edges of a rectangle are designated as follows:

• the before-edge is the edge occurring first in the block-progression-direction and perpendicular to it;

• the after-edge is the edge opposite the before-edge;

• the start-edge is the edge occurring first in the inline-progression-direction and perpendicular to it,

• the end-edge is the edge opposite the start-edge.

For purposes of this definition, the content-rectangle of an area uses the inline-progression-direction and block-progression-direction of that area; but the border-rectangle, padding-rectangle, and allocation-rectangle use the directions of its parent area. Thus the edges designated for the content-rectangle may not correspond to the same-named edges on the padding-, border-, and allocation-rectangles. This is important in the case of nested areas with different writing-modes or reference-orientation.

The following diagram shows the correspondence between the various edge names for a mixed writing-mode example:

   [D]

Each inline-area has an alignment-point determined by the formatter, on the start-edge of its allocation-rectangle; for a glyph-area, this is a point on the start-edge of the glyph on its alignment baseline [see below]. This is script-dependent and does not necessarily correspond to the [0,0] coordinate point used for the data describing the glyph shape.

4.2.4 Tree Ordering

In the area tree, the set of areas with a given parent is ordered. The terms initial, final, preceding, and following refer to this ordering.

In any ordered tree, this sibling order extends to an ordering of the entire tree in at least two ways.

• In the pre-order traversal order of a tree, the children of each node [their order unchanged relative to one another] follow the node, but precede any following siblings of the node or of its ancestors.

• In the post-order traversal order of a tree, the children of each node precede the node, but follow any preceding siblings of the node or of its ancestors.

"Preceding" and "following", when applied to non-siblings, will depend on the extension order used, which must be specified. However, in either of these given orders, the leaves of the tree [nodes without children] are unambiguously ordered.

4.2.5 Stacking Constraints

This section defines the notion of block-stacking constraints and inline-stacking constraints involving areas. These are defined as ordered relations, i.e., if A and B have a stacking constraint it does not necessarily mean that B and A have a stacking constraint. These definitions are recursive in nature and some cases may depend upon simpler cases of the same definition. This is not circularity but rather a consequence of recursion. The intention of the definitions is to identify areas at any level of the tree which may have only space between them.

The area-class trait is an enumerated value which is

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

91 for an area which is stacked with other areas in sequence. A normal area is an area for which this trait is

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

91. A page-level-out-of-line area is an area with area-class

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

93,

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

94, or

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

95; placement of these areas is controlled by the fo:page-sequence ancestor of its generating formatting object. A reference-level-out-of-line area is an area with area-class

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

96 or

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

97; placement of these areas is controlled by the formatting object generating the relevant reference-area. An anchor area is an area with area-class

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

98; placement of these areas is arbitrary and does not affect stacking. Areas with area-class equal to one of

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

91,

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

93, or

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

94 are defined to be stackable, indicating that they are supposed to be properly stacked.

Block-stacking constraints

If P is a block-area, then there is a fence preceding P if P is a reference-area or if the border-before-width or padding-before-width of P are non-zero. Similarly, there is a fence following P if P is a reference-area or if the border-after-width or padding-after-width of P are non-zero.

If A and B are stackable areas, and S is a sequence of space-specifiers [see 4.3 Spaces and Conditionality], it is defined that A and B have block-stacking constraint S if any of the following conditions holds:

1. B is a block-area which is the first normal child of A, and S is the sequence consisting of the space-before of B.

2. A is a block-area which is the last normal child of B, and S is the sequence consisting of the space-after of A.

3. A and B are both block-areas, and either

   a. B is the next stackable sibling area of A, and S is the sequence consisting of the space-after of A and the space-before of B;

   b. B is the first normal child of a block-area P, B is not a line-area, there is no fence preceding P, A and P have a block-stacking constraint S', and S consists of S' followed by the space-before of B; or

   c. A is the last normal child of a block-area P, A is not a line-area, there is no fence following P, P and B have a block-stacking constraint S'', and S consists of the space-after of A followed by S''.

   d. A has a block-stacking constraint S' with a block-area E, E has a block-stacking constraint S'' with B, E is empty [i.e., it has zero border, padding, and block-progression-dimension, and no normal children], and S consists of S' followed by S''.

Note:

The use of "stackable" in two places in the above definition allows block-stacking constraints to apply between areas of area-class

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

94 or

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

93.

   [D]

Adjacent Edges with Block-stacking

When A and B have a block-stacking constraint, the adjacent edges of A and B are an ordered pair recursively defined as:

• In case 1, the before-edge of the content-rectangle of A and the before-edge of the allocation-rectangle of B.

• In case 2, the after-edge of the allocation-rectangle of A and the after-edge of the content-rectangle of B.

• In case 3a, the after-edge of the allocation-rectangle of A and the before-edge of the allocation-rectangle of B.

• In case 3b, the first of the adjacent edges of A and P, and the before-edge of the allocation-rectangle of B.

• In case 3c, the after-edge of the allocation-rectangle of A and the second of the adjacent edges of P and B.

• In case 3d, the first of the adjacent edges of A and E, and the second of the adjacent edges of E and B.

Example. In this diagram each node represents a block-area. Assume that all padding and border widths are zero, and none of the areas are reference-areas. Then P and A have a block-stacking constraint, as do A and B, A and C, B and C, C and D, D and B, B and E, D and E, and E and P; these are the only pairs in the diagram having block-stacking constraints. If B had non-zero padding-after, then D and E would not have any block-stacking constraint [though B and E would continue to have a block-stacking constraint].

   [D]

Block-stacking constraint example

Inline-stacking constraints.

This section will recursively define the inline-stacking constraints between two areas [either two inline-areas or one inline-area and one line-area], together with the notion of fence preceding and fence following; these definitions are interwoven with one another. This parallels the definition for block-stacking constraints, but with the additional complication that we may have a stacking constraint between inline-areas which are stacked in opposite inline-progression-directions. [This is not an issue for block-stacking constraints because a block-area which is not a reference-area may not have a block-progression-direction different from that of its parent.]

If P and Q have an inline-stacking constraint, then P has a fence preceding Q if P is a reference-area or has non-zero border-width or padding-width at the first adjacent edge of P and Q. Similarly, Q has a fence following P if Q is a reference-area or has non-zero border-width or padding-width at the second adjacent edge of P and Q.

If A and B are normal areas, and S is a sequence of space-specifiers, it is defined that A and B have inline-stacking constraint S if any of the following conditions holds:

1. A is an inline-area or line-area, B is an inline-area which is the first normal child of A, and S is the sequence consisting of the space-start of B.

2. B is an inline-area or line-area, A is an inline-area which is the last normal child of B, and S is the sequence consisting of the space-end of A.

3. A and B are each either an inline-area or a line-area, and either

   a. both A and B are inline-areas, B is the next normal sibling area of A, and S is the sequence consisting of the space-end of A and the space-start of B;

   b. B is an inline-area which is the first normal child of an inline-area P, P has no fence following A, A and P have an inline-stacking constraint S', the inline-progression-direction of P is the same as the inline-progression-direction of the nearest common ancestor area of A and P, and S consists of S' followed by the space-start of B.

   c. A is an inline-area which is the last normal child of an inline-area P, P has no fence preceding B, P and B have an inline-stacking constraint S'', the inline-progression-direction of P is the same as the inline-progression-direction of the nearest common ancestor area of P and B, and S consists of the space-end of A followed by S''.

   d. B is an inline-area which is the last normal child of an inline-area P, P has no fence following A, A and P have an inline-stacking constraint S', the inline-progression-direction of P is opposite to the inline-progression-direction of the nearest common ancestor area of A and P, and S consists of S' followed by the space-end of B.

   e. A is an inline-area which is the first normal child of an inline-area P, P has no fence preceding B, P and B have an inline-stacking constraint S'', the inline-progression-direction of P is opposite to the inline-progression-direction of the nearest common ancestor area of P and B, and S consists of the space-start of A followed by S''.

   [D]

Adjacent Edges with Inline-stacking

   [D]

Adjacent Edges with Inline-stacking, continued

   [D]

Mixed English and Arabic

   [D]

Mixed English and Arabic

When A and B have an inline-stacking constraint, the adjacent edges of A and B are an ordered pair defined as:

• In case 1, the start-edge of the content-rectangle of A and the start-edge of the allocation-rectangle of B.

• In case 2, the end-edge of the allocation-rectangle of A and the end-edge of the content-rectangle of B.

• In case 3a, the end-edge of the allocation-rectangle of A and the start-edge of the allocation-rectangle of B.

• In case 3b, the first of the adjacent edges of A and P, and the start-edge of the allocation-rectangle of B.

• In case 3c, the end-edge of the allocation-rectangle of A and the second of the adjacent edges of P and B.

• In case 3d, the first of the adjacent edges of A and P, and the end-edge of the allocation-rectangle of B.

• In case 3e, the start-edge of the allocation-rectangle of A and the second of the adjacent edges of P and B.

Two areas are adjacent if they have a block-stacking constraint or an inline-stacking constraint. It follows from the definitions that areas of the same type [inline or block] can be adjacent only if all their non-common ancestors are also of the same type [up to but not including their nearest common ancestor]. Thus, for example, two inline-areas which reside in different line-areas are never adjacent.

An area A begins an area P if A is a descendant of P and P and A have either a block-stacking constraint or an inline-stacking constraint, provided that no descendant of P which is an ancestor of A has a space-before [in the case of a block-stacking constraint] or a space-start [in the case of an inline-stacking constraint] whose computed minimum, maximum, or optimum values are nonzero. In this case the second of the adjacent edges of P and A is defined to be a leading edge in P. A space-specifier which applies to the leading edge is also defined to begin P.

Similarly, An area A ends an area P if A is a descendant of P and A and P have either a block-stacking constraint or an inline-stacking constraint, provided that no descendant of P which is an ancestor of A has a space-after [in the case of a block-stacking constraint] or a space-end [in the case of an inline-stacking constraint] whose computed minimum, maximum, or optimum values are nonzero. In this case the first of the adjacent edges of A and P is defined to be a trailing edge in P. A space-specifier which applies to the trailing edge is also defined to end P.

4.2.6 Font Baseline Tables

Each script has its preferred "baseline" for aligning glyphs from that script. Western scripts typically use an "alphabetic" baseline that touches at or near the bottom of capital letters. Further, for each font there is a preferred way of aligning embedded glyphs from different scripts, e.g., for a Western font there are separate baselines for aligning embedded ideographic or Indic glyphs.

Each block-area and inline-area has a dominant-baseline-identifier trait whose value is a baseline identifier corresponding to the type of alignment expected for inline-area descendants of that area, and each inline-area has an alignment-baseline which specifies how the area is aligned to its parent. These traits are interpreted as described in section 7.9.1 Fonts and Font Data.

For each font, an actual-baseline-table maps these identifiers to points on the start-edge of the area. By abuse of terminology, the line in the inline-progression-direction through the point corresponding to the dominant-baseline-identifier is called the "dominant baseline."

4.3 Spaces and Conditionality

A space-specifier is a compound datatype whose components are minimum, optimum, maximum, conditionality, and precedence.

Minimum, optimum, and maximum are lengths and can be used to define a constraint on a distance, namely that the distance should preferably be the optimum, and in any case no less than the minimum nor more than the maximum. Any of these values may be negative, which can [for example] cause areas to overlap, but in any case the minimum should be less than or equal to the optimum value, and the optimum less than or equal to the maximum value.

Conditionality is an enumerated value which controls whether a space-specifier has effect at the beginning or end of a reference-area or a line-area. Possible values are

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

04 and

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

05; a conditional space-specifier is one for which this value is

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

05.

Precedence has a value which is either an integer or the special token

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

07. A forcing space-specifier is one for which this value is

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

07.

Space-specifiers occurring in sequence may interact with each other. The constraint imposed by a sequence of space-specifiers is computed by calculating for each space-specifier its associated resolved space-specifier in accordance with their conditionality and precedence, as shown below in the space-resolution rules.

The constraint imposed on a distance by a sequence of resolved space-specifiers is additive; that is, the distance is constrained to be no less than the sum of the resolved minimum values and no larger than the sum of the resolved maximum values.

4.3.1 Space-resolution Rules

The resolved space-specifier of a given space-specifier S is computed as follows. Consider the maximal inline-stacking constraint or block-stacking constraint S'' containing the space-specifier S as an element of the sequence [S'' is a sequence of space-specifiers; see 4.2.5 Stacking Constraints]. Define S' to be a subsequence of S'' as follows:

• if S is the space-before or space-after of a line-area, then S' is the maximal subsequence of S'' containing S such that all the space-specifiers in S' are traits of line-areas,

• if S is the space-before or space-after of a block-area which is not a line-area, then S' is the maximal subsequence of S'' containing S such that all the space-specifiers in S' are traits of block-areas which are not line-areas,

• if S is the space-start or space-end of an inline-area, then S' is all of S''.

The resolved space-specifier of S is a non-conditional, forcing space-specifier computed in terms of the sequence S'.

1. If any of the space-specifiers in S' is conditional, and begins a reference-area or line-area, then it is suppressed, which means that its resolved space-specifier is zero. Further, any conditional space-specifiers which consecutively follow it in the sequence are also suppressed. For purposes of this rule, a space-specifier U consecutively follows a space-specifier V if it U follows V and U and V are separated in the sequence only by conditional space-specifiers and/or space-specifiers whose computed minimum, maximum, and optimum values are zero.

   If a conditional space-specifier ends a reference-area or line-area, then it is suppressed together with any other conditional space-specifiers which consecutively precede it in the sequence. For purposes of this rule, a space-specifier U consecutively precedes a space-specifier V if it U precedes V and U and V are separated in the sequence only by conditional space-specifiers and/or space-specifiers whose computed minimum, maximum, and optimum values are zero.

2. If any of the remaining space-specifiers in S' is forcing, all non-forcing space-specifiers are suppressed, and the value of each of the forcing space-specifiers is taken as its resolved value.

3. Alternatively if all of the remaining space-specifiers in S' are non-forcing, then the resolved space-specifier is defined in terms of those non-suppressed space-specifiers whose precedence is numerically highest, and among these those whose optimum value is the greatest. All other space-specifiers are suppressed. If there is only one of these then its value is taken as its resolved value.

   Otherwise, follow these rules when there are two or more space-specifiers all of the same highest precedence and the same [largest] optimum: The resolved space-specifier of the last space-specifier in the sequence is derived from these spaces by taking their common optimum value as its optimum. The greatest of their minimum values is its minimum. The least of their maximum values is its maximum. All other space-specifiers are suppressed.

4. If S is subject to overconstrainment relaxing, then its maximum value is set to the actual block-progression-dimension of the containing block-area. See 4.3.2 Overconstrained space-specifiers

Example. Suppose the sequence of space values occurring at the beginning of a reference-area is: first, a space with value 10 points [that is minimum, optimum, and maximum all equal to 10 points] and conditionality

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

05; second, a space with value 4 points and conditionality

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

04; and third, a space with value 5 points and conditionality

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

05; all three spaces having precedence zero. Then the first [10 point] space is suppressed under rule 1, and the second [4 point] space is suppressed under rule 3. The resolved value of the third space is a non-conditional 5 points, even though it originally came from a conditional space.

The padding of a block-area does not interact with any space-specifier [except that by definition, the presence of padding at the before- or after-edge prevents areas on either side of it from having a stacking constraint.]

The border or padding at the before-edge or after-edge of a block-area B may be specified as conditional. If so, then it is set to zero if its associated edge is a leading edge in a reference-area, and the is-first trait of B is false, or if its associated edge is a trailing edge in a reference-area, and the is-last trait of B is false. In either of these cases, the border or padding is taken to be zero for purposes of the stacking constraint definitions.

The border or padding at the start-edge or end-edge of an inline-area I may be specified as conditional. If so, then it is set to zero if its associated edge is a leading edge in a line-area, and the is-first trait of I is false, or if its associated edge is a trailing edge in a line-area, and the is-last trait of I is false. In either of these cases, the border or padding is taken to be zero for purposes of the stacking constraint definitions.

4.3.2 Overconstrained space-specifiers

When an area P is generated by a formatting object whose block-progression-dimension is "auto", then the constraints involving the before-edge and after-edge of the content-rectangle of P, together with the constraints between the various descendants of P, result in a constraint on the actual value of the block-progression-dimension. If the block-progression-dimension is instead specified as a length, then this might result in an overconstrained area tree, for example an incompletely-filled fo:block with a specified size. In that case some constraints between P and its descendants should be relaxed; those that are eligible for this treatment are said to be subject to overconstrainment relaxing, and treated as in the previous section.

• If the display-align value is "after" or "center" and P is the first normal area generated by the formatting object, then the space-before of the first normal child of P is subject to overconstrainment relaxing.

• If the display-align value is "before" or "center" and P is the last normal area generated by the formatting object, then the space-after of the last normal child of P is subject to overconstrainment relaxing.

4.4 Block-areas

Block-areas have several traits which typically affect the placement of their children. The line-height is used in line placement calculations. The line-stacking-strategy trait controls what kind of allocation is used for descendant line-areas and has an enumerated value [either

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

12,

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

13, or

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

14]. This is all rigorously described below. All areas have these traits, but they only have relevance for areas which have stacked line-area children.

The space-before and space-after traits determine the distance between the block-area and surrounding block-areas.

A block-area which is not a line-area typically has its size in the inline-progression-direction determined by its start-indent and end-indent and by the size of its nearest ancestor reference-area. A block-area which is not a line-area must be properly stacked [as defined in 4.4.1 Stacked Block-areas below] unless otherwise specified in the description of its generating formatting object. In this case its block-progression-dimension will be subject to constraints based on the block-progression-dimensions and space-specifiers of its descendants. See 4.3.2 Overconstrained space-specifiers

4.4.1 Stacked Block-areas

Block-area children of an area are typically stacked in the block-progression-direction within their parent area, and this is the default method of positioning block-areas. However, formatting objects are free to specify other methods of positioning child areas of areas which they generate, for example list-items or tables.

For a parent area P whose children are block-areas, P is defined to be properly stacked if all of the following conditions hold:

1. For each block-area B which is a descendant of P, the following hold:

   • the before-edge and after-edge of its allocation-rectangle are parallel to the before-edge and after-edges of the content-rectangle of P,

   • the start-edge of its allocation-rectangle is parallel to the start-edge of the content-rectangle of R [where R is the closest ancestor reference-area of B], and offset from it inward by a distance equal to the block-area's start-indent plus its start-intrusion-adjustment [as defined below], minus its border-start, padding-start, and space-start values, and

   • the end-edge of its allocation-rectangle is parallel to the end-edge of the content-rectangle of R, and offset from it inward by a distance equal to the block-area's end-indent plus its end-intrusion-adjustment [as defined below], minus its border-end, padding-end, and space-end values.

      [D]

   Content Rectangle of Reference Area

   Note:

   The notion of indent is intended to apply to the content-rectangle, but the constraint is written in terms of the allocation-rectangle, because as noted earlier [4.2.3 Geometric Definitions] the edges of the content-rectangle may not correspond to like-named edges of the allocation-rectangle.

   The start-intrusion-adjustment and end-intrusion-adjustment are traits used to deal with intrusions from floats in the inline-progression-direction.

   See also section 5.3.2 Margin, Space, and Indent Properties for how the margin properties affect the indents.

2. For each pair of normal areas B and B' in the subtree below P, if B and B' have a block-stacking constraint S and B is not empty [see 4.2.5 Stacking Constraints], then the distance between the adjacent edges of B and B' is consistent with the constraint imposed by the resolved values of the space-specifiers in S.

      [D]

   Example. In the diagram, if area A has a space-after value of 3 points, B a space-before of 1 point, and C a space-before of 2 points, all with precedence of

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   07, and with zero border and padding, then the constraints will place B's allocation-rectangle 4 points below that of A, and C's allocation-rectangle 6 points below that of A. Thus the 4-point gap receives the background color from P, and the 2-point gap before C receives the background color from B.

4.4.2 Intrusion Adjustments

Intrusion adjustments [both start- and end-] are defined to account for the indentation that occurs as the result of side floats.

If A and B are areas which have the same nearest reference area ancestor, then A and B are defined to be inline-overlapping if there is some line parallel to the inline-progression-direction, which intersects both the allocation-rectangle of A and the allocation-rectangle of B.

If A is an area of class

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

96 with float="

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

17", and B is a block-area, and A and B have the same nearest reference area ancestor, then A is defined to encroach upon B if A and B are inline-overlapping and the start-indent of B is less than the sum of the start-indent of A and the inline-progression-dimension of A. The start-encroachment of A on B is then defined to be amount by which the start-indent of B is less than the sum of the start-indent of A and the inline-progression-dimension of A.

If A is an area of class

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

96 with float="

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

19", and B is a block-area, and A and B have the same nearest reference area ancestor, then A is defined to encroach upon B if A and B are inline-overlapping and the end-indent of B is less than the sum of the end-indent of A and the inline-progression-dimension of A. The end-encroachment of A on B is then defined to be amount by which the end-indent of B is less than the sum of the end-indent of A and the inline-progression-dimension of A.

If B is a block-area which is not a line-area, then its local-start-intrusion-adjustment is computed as the maximum of the following lengths:

1. zero;

2. if the parent of B is not a reference area: the start-intrusion-adjustment of the parent of B; and

3. if B has intrusion-displace="

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   20", then for each area A of class

      
       LL
       LLL
       
         RRR
         RR
       
     
   

   96 with float="

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   17" such that the generating formatting object of A is not a descendant of the generating formatting object of B, and such that A encroaches upon some line-area child of B: the start-encroachment of A on B; and

4. if B has intrusion-displace = "

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   20", then for each area A of class

      
       LL
       LLL
       
         RRR
         RR
       
     
   

   96 with float="

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   17" such that A and B are inline-overlapping, and for each block-area ancestor B' of B which is a descendant of the nearest reference area ancestor of B, such that A encroaches on a line-area child of B': the start-encroachment of A on B'.

The start-intrusion-adjustment of a block-area B is then defined to be the maximum of the local-start-intrusion-adjustments of the normal block-areas generated and returned by the generating formatting object of B.

If L is a line-area, then its start-intrusion-adjustment is computed as the maximum of the following lengths:

1. the start-intrusion-adjustment of the parent of L;

2. for each area A of class

      
       LL
       LLL
       
         RRR
         RR
       
     
   

   96 with float="

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   17" such that A encroaches upon L: the start-encroachment of A on L; and

3. if the parent of L has intrusion-displace = "

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   28", then for each area A of class

      
       LL
       LLL
       
         RRR
         RR
       
     
   

   96 with float="

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   17" such that A and L are inline-overlapping, and for each block-area ancestor B' of L which is a descendant of the nearest reference area ancestor of L, such that A encroaches on some line-area child L' of B': the start-encroachment of A on B'.

The end-intrusion-adjustment for a block-area is computed in a precisely analogous manner. That is:

If B is a block-area which is not a line-area, then its local-end-intrusion-adjustment is computed as the maximum of the following lengths:

1. zero;

2. if the parent of B is not a reference area: the end-intrusion-adjustment of the parent of B; and

3. if B has intrusion-displace="

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   20", then for each area A of class

      
       LL
       LLL
       
         RRR
         RR
       
     
   

   96 with float="

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   19" such that the generating formatting object of A is not a descendant of the generating formatting object of B, and such that A encroaches upon some line-area child of B: the end-encroachment of A on B; and

4. if B has intrusion-displace = "

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   20", then for each area A of class

      
       LL
       LLL
       
         RRR
         RR
       
     
   

   96 with float="

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   19" such that A and B are inline-overlapping, and for each block-area ancestor B' of B which is a descendant of the nearest reference area ancestor of B, such that A encroaches on a line-area child of B': the end-encroachment of A on B'.

The end-intrusion-adjustment of a block-area B is then defined to be the maximum of the local-end-intrusion-adjustments of the normal block-areas generated and returned by the generating formatting object of B.

If L is a line-area, then its end-intrusion-adjustment is computed as the maximum of the following lengths:

1. the end-intrusion-adjustment of the parent of L;

2. for each area A of class

      
       LL
       LLL
       
         RRR
         RR
       
     
   

   96 with float="

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   19" such that A encroaches upon L: the end-encroachment of A on L; and

3. if the parent of L has intrusion-displace = "

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   28", then for each area A of class

      
       LL
       LLL
       
         RRR
         RR
       
     
   

   96 with float="

     ...
     
       
         
         
       
     
   
   

   19" such that A and L are inline-overlapping, and for each block-area ancestor B' of L which is a descendant of the nearest reference area ancestor of L, such that A encroaches on some line-area child L' of B': the end-encroachment of A on B'.

4.5 Line-areas

A line-area is a special type of block-area, and is generated by the same formatting object which generated its parent. Line-areas do not have borders and padding, i.e., border-before-width, padding-before-width, etc. are all zero. Inline-areas are stacked within a line-area relative to a baseline-start-point which is a point determined by the formatter, on the start-edge of the line area's content-rectangle.

The allocation-rectangle of a line is determined by the value of the line-stacking-strategy trait: if the value is

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

12, the allocation-rectangle is the nominal-requested-line-rectangle, defined below; if the value is

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

13, the allocation-rectangle is the maximum-line-rectangle, defined below; and if the value is

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

14, the allocation-rectangle is the per-inline-height-rectangle, defined below. If the line-stacking-strategy trait is

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

12 or

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

13 the space-before and space-after are both set to the half-leading value; otherwise they are both set to zero.

The nominal-requested-line-rectangle for a line-area is the rectangle whose start-edge is parallel to the start-edge of the content-rectangle of the nearest ancestor reference-area and offset from it by the sum of the start-indent and the start-intrusion-adjustment of the line area, whose end-edge is parallel to the end-edge of the content-rectangle of the nearest ancestor reference-area and offset from it by the sum of the end-indent and the end-intrusion-adjustment of the line area, whose before-edge is separated from the baseline-start-point by the text-altitude of the parent block-area, and whose after-edge is separated from the baseline-start-point by the text-depth of the parent block-area. It has the same block-progression-dimension for each line-area child of a block-area.

The maximum-line-rectangle for a line-area is the rectangle whose start-edge and end-edge are parallel to and coincident with the start-edge and end-edge of the nominal-requested-line-rectangle, and whose extent in the block-progression-direction is the minimum required to enclose both the nominal-requested-line-rectangle and the allocation-rectangles of all the inline-areas stacked within the line-area; this may vary depending on the descendants of the line-area.

   [D]

Nominal and Maximum Line Rectangles

The per-inline-height-rectangle for a line-area is the rectangle whose start-edge and end-edge are parallel to and coincident with the start-edge and end-edge of the nominal-requested-line-rectangle, and whose extent in the block-progression-dimension is determined as follows.

The expanded-rectangle of an inline-area is the rectangle with start-edge and end-edge coincident with those of its allocation-rectangle, and whose before-edge and after-edge are outside those of its allocation-rectangle by a distance equal to either [a.] the half-leading, when the area's allocation-rectangle is specified to be the normal-allocation-rectangle by the description of the generating formatting object , or [b.] the space-before and space-after [respectively], when the area's allocation-rectangle is specified to be the large-allocation-rectangle. The expanded-nominal-requested-line-rectangle is the rectangle with start-edge and end-edge coincident with those of the nominal-requested-line-rectangle, and whose before-edge and after-edge are outside those of the nominal-requested-line-rectangle by a distance equal to the half-leading.

The extent of the per-inline-height-rectangle in the block-progression-direction is then defined to be the minimum required to enclose both the expanded-nominal-requested-line-rectangle and the expanded-rectangles of all the inline-areas stacked within the line-area; this may vary depending on the descendants of the line-area.

Note:

Using the nominal-requested-line-rectangle allows equal baseline-to-baseline spacing. Using the maximum-line-rectangle allows constant space between line-areas. Using the per-inline-height-rectangle and zero space-before and space-after allows CSS-style line box stacking. Also, the value of half-leading is included in the expanded-rectangle regardless of conditionality, and thus a line-height conditionality of "discard" does not have effect in this case.

4.6 Inline-areas

An inline-area has its own line-height trait, which may be different from the line-height of its containing block-area. This may affect the placement of its ancestor line-area when the line-stacking-strategy is

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

14. An inline-area has an actual-baseline-table for its nominal-font. It has a dominant-baseline-identifier trait which determines how its stacked inline-area descendants are to be aligned.

An inline-area may or may not have child areas, and if so it may or may not be a reference-area. The dimensions of the content-rectangle for an inline-area without children is computed as specified by the generating formatting object, as are those of an inline-area with block-area children.

An inline-area with inline-area children has a content-rectangle which extends from its dominant baseline [see 4.2.6 Font Baseline Tables] by its text-depth in the block-progression-direction, and in the opposite direction by its text-altitude; in the inline-progression-direction it extends from the start-edge of the allocation-rectangle of its first child to the end-edge of the allocation-rectangle of its last child. The allocation-rectangle of such an inline-area is the same as its content-rectangle.

The allocation-rectangle of an inline-area without children is either the normal-allocation-rectangle or the large-allocation-rectangle, as specified in the description of the generating formatting object.

Note:

When the line-stacking-strategy is

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

14, allocation is done with respect to the expanded-rectangle.

Examples of inline-areas with children might include portions of inline mathematical expressions or areas arising from mixed writing systems [left-to-right within right-to-left, for example].

4.6.1 Stacked Inline-areas

Inline-area children of an area are typically stacked in the inline-progression-direction within their parent area, and this is the default method of positioning inline-areas.

Inline-areas are stacked relative to the dominant baseline, as defined above [4.2.6 Font Baseline Tables].

For a parent area P whose children are inline-areas, P is defined to be properly stacked if all of the following conditions hold:

1. For each inline-area descendant I of P, the start-edge, end-edge, before-edge and after-edge of the allocation-rectangle of I are parallel to corresponding edges of the content-rectangle of the nearest ancestor reference-area of I.

2. For each pair of normal areas I and I' in the subtree below P, if I and I' have an inline-stacking constraint S, then the distance between the adjacent edges of I and I' is consistent with the constraint imposed by the resolved values of the space-specifiers in S.

3. For any inline-area descendant I of P, the distance in the shift-direction from the dominant baseline of the parent Q of I, to the alignment-point of I equals the offset between the dominant baseline of Q and the baseline of Q corresponding to the alignment-baseline trait of I, plus the baseline-shift for I.

   The first summand is computed to compensate for mixed writing systems with different baseline types, and the other summands involve deliberate baseline shifts for things like superscripts and subscripts.

4.6.2 Glyph-areas

The most common inline-area is a glyph-area, which contains the representation for a character [or characters] in a particular font.

A glyph-area has an associated nominal-font, determined by the area's typographic traits, which apply to its character data, and a glyph-orientation determined by its writing-mode and reference-orientation, which determine the orientation of the glyph when it is rendered.

The alignment-point and dominant-baseline-identifier of a glyph-area are assigned according to the writing-system in use [e.g., the glyph baseline in Western languages], and are used to control placement of inline-areas descendants of a line-area. The formatter may generate inline-areas with different inline-progression-directions from their parent to accommodate correct inline-area stacking in the case of mixed writing systems.

A glyph-area has no children. Its block-progression-dimension and actual-baseline-table are the same for all glyphs in a font. Conforming implementations may choose to compute the block-progression-dimension for a glyph area based on the actual glyph size rather than using a common size for all glyphs in a font.

4.7 Ordering Constraints

4.7.1 General Ordering Constraints

A subset S of the areas returned to a formatting object is called properly ordered if the areas in that subset have the same order as their generating formatting objects. Specifically, if A1 and A2 are areas in S, returned by child formatting objects F1 and F2 where F1 precedes F2, then A1 must precede A2 in the pre-order traversal order of the area tree. If F1 equals F2 and A1 is returned prior to A2, then A1 must precede A2 in the pre-order-traversal of the area tree.

For each formatting object F and each area-class C, the subset consisting of the areas returned to F with area-class C must be properly ordered, except where otherwise specified.

4.7.2 Line-building

This section describes the ordering constraints that apply to formatting an fo:block or similar block-level object.

A block-level formatting object F which constructs lines does so by constructing block-areas which it returns to its parent formatting object, and placing normal areas and/or anchor areas returned to F by its child formatting objects as children of those block-areas or of line-areas which it constructs as children of those block-areas.

For each such formatting object F, it must be possible to form an ordered partition P consisting of ordered subsets S1, S2, ..., Sn of the normal areas and anchor areas returned by the child formatting objects, such that the following are all satisfied:

1. Each subset consists of a sequence of inline-areas, or of a single block-area.

2. The ordering of the partition follows the ordering of the formatting object tree. Specifically, if A is in Si and B is in Sj with i < j, or if A and B are both in the same subset Si with A before B in the subset order, then either A is returned by a preceding sibling formatting object of B, or A and B are returned by the same formatting object with A being returned before B.

3. The partitioning occurs at legal line-breaks. Specifically, if A is the last area of Si and B is the first area of Si+1, then the rules of the language, script and hyphenation constraints [7.10 Common Hyphenation Properties, 7.16.1 hyphenation-keep, and 7.16.2 hyphenation-ladder-count] in effect must permit a line-break between A and B, within the context of all areas in Si and Si+1.

4. Forced line-breaks are respected. Specifically, if C is a descendant of F, and C is an fo:character whose Unicode character is U+000A, and A is the area generated by C, then either C is a child of F and A is the last area in a subset Si, or C is a descendant of a child C' of F, and A ends [in the sense of 4.2.5] an area A' returned by C', such that A' is the last area in a subset Si.

5. The partition follows the ordering of the area tree, except for certain glyph substitutions and deletions. Specifically, if B1, B2, ..., Bp are the normal child areas of the area or areas returned by F, [ordered in the pre-order traversal order of the area tree], then there is a one-to-one correspondence between these child areas and the partition subsets [i.e. n = p], and for each i,

   • Si consists of a single block-area and Bi is that block-area, or

   • Si consists of inline-areas and Bi is a line-area whose child areas are the same as the inline-areas in Si, and in the same order, except that where the rules of the language and script in effect call for glyph-areas to be substituted, inserted, or deleted, then the substituted or inserted glyph-areas appear in the area tree in the corresponding place, and the deleted glyph-areas do not appear in the area tree. For example, insertions and substitutions may occur because of addition of hyphens or spelling changes due to hyphenation, or glyph image construction from syllabification, or ligature formation. Deletions occur as specified in 6., below.

6. white-space-treatment is enforced. In particular, deletions in 5. occur when there is a glyph area G such that

   [a.] the white-space-treatment of G is "ignore" and the character of G is classified as white space in XML; or

   [b.] the white-space-treatment of G is "ignore-if-before-linefeed" or "ignore-if-surrounding-linefeed", the suppress-at-line-break of G is "suppress", and G would end a line-area; or

   [c.] the white-space-treatment of G is "ignore-if-after-linefeed" or "ignore-if-surrounding-linefeed", the suppress-at-line-break of G is "suppress", and G would begin a line-area.

   In these cases the area G is deleted; this may cause the condition in clauses [b.] or [c.] to become true and lead to further deletions.

Substitutions that replace a sequence of glyph-areas with a single glyph-area should only occur when the margin, border, and padding in the inline-progression-direction [start- and end-], baseline-shift, and letter-spacing values are zero, treat-as-word-space is

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

49, and the values of all other relevant traits match [i.e., alignment-adjust, alignment-baseline, color trait, background traits, dominant-baseline-identifier, font traits, text-depth, text-altitude, glyph-orientation-horizontal, glyph-orientation-vertical, line-height, line-height-shift-adjustment, text-decoration, text-shadow].

Note:

Line-areas do not receive the background traits or text-decoration of their generating formatting object, or any other trait that requires generation of a mark during rendering.

4.7.3 Inline-building

This section describes the ordering constraints that apply to formatting an fo:inline or similar inline-level object.

An inline-level formatting object F which constructs one or more inline-areas does so by placing normal inline-areas and/or anchor inline-areas returned to F by its child formatting objects as children of inline-areas which it generates.

For each such formatting object F, it must be possible to form an ordered partition P consisting of ordered subsets S1, S2, ..., Sn of the normal and/or anchor inline-areas and normal block-areas returned by the child formatting objects, such that the following are all satisfied:

1. Each subset consists of a sequence of inline-areas, or of a single block-area.

2. The ordering of the partition follows the ordering of the formatting object tree, as defined above.

3. The partitioning occurs at legal line-breaks, as defined above.

4. Forced line-breaks are respected, as defined above.

5. The partition follows the ordering of the area tree, except for certain glyph substitutions and deletions, as defined above.

4.8 Keeps and Breaks

Keep and break conditions apply to a class of areas, which are typically page-reference-areas, column-areas, and line-areas. The appropriate class for a given condition is referred to as a context and an area in this class is a context-area. As defined in Section 6.4.1 Introduction, page-reference-areas are areas generated by an fo:page-sequence using the specifications in an fo:page-master, and column-areas are normal-flow-reference-areas generated from a region-body, or region-reference-areas generated from other types of region-master.

A keep or break condition is an open statement about a formatting object and the tree relationships of the areas it generates with the relevant context-areas. These tree relationships are defined mainly in terms of leading or trailing areas. If A is a descendant of P, then A is defined to be leading in P if A has no preceding sibling which is a normal area, nor does any of its ancestor areas up to but not including P. Similarly, A is defined to be trailing in P if A has no following sibling which is a normal area, nor does any of its ancestor areas up to but not including P. For any given formatting object, the next formatting object in the flow is the first formatting object following [in the pre-order traversal order] which is not a descendant of the given formatting object and which generates and returns normal areas.

Break conditions are either break-before or break-after conditions. A break-before condition is satisfied if the first area generated and returned by the formatting object is leading within a context-area. A break-after condition depends on the next formatting object in the flow; the condition is satisfied if either there is no such next formatting object, or if the first normal area generated and returned by that formatting object is leading in a context-area.

Break conditions are imposed by the break-before and break-after properties. A refined value of

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

50 for these traits imposes a break condition with a context consisting of the page-reference-areas; a value of

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

51 or

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

52 imposes a break condition with a context of even-numbered page-reference-areas or odd-numbered page-reference-areas, respectively; a value of

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

53 imposes a break condition with a context of column-areas. A value of

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

54 in a break-before or break-after trait imposes no break condition.

Keep conditions are either keep-with-previous, keep-with-next, or keep-together conditions. A keep-with-previous condition on an object is satisfied if the first area generated and returned by the formatting object is not leading within a context-area, or if there are no preceding areas in a post-order traversal of the area tree. A keep-with-next condition is satisfied if the last area generated and returned by the formatting object is not trailing within a context-area, or if there are no following areas in a pre-order traversal of the area tree. A keep-together condition is satisfied if all areas generated and returned by the formatting object are descendants of a single context-area.

Keep conditions are imposed by the "within-page", "within-column", and "within-line" components of the "keep-with-previous", "keep-with-next", and "keep-together" properties. The refined value of each component specifies the strength of the keep condition imposed, with higher numbers being stronger than lower numbers and the value

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

55 being stronger than all numeric values. A component with value

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

54 does not impose a keep condition. A "within-page" component imposes a keep-condition with context consisting of the page-reference-areas; "within-column", with context consisting of the column-areas; and "within-line" with context consisting of the line-areas.

The area tree is constrained to satisfy all break conditions imposed. Each keep condition must also be satisfied, except when this would cause a break condition or a stronger keep condition to fail to be satisfied. If not all of a set of keep conditions of equal strength can be satisfied, then some maximal satisfiable subset of conditions of that strength must be satisfied [together with all break conditions and maximal subsets of stronger keep conditions, if any].

4.9 Rendering Model

This section makes explicit the relationship between the area tree and visually rendered output.

Areas generate three types of marks: [1] the area background, if any, [2] the marks intrinsic to the area [a glyph, image, or decoration] if any, and [3] the area border, if any.

An area tree is rendered by causing marks to appear on an output medium in accordance with the areas in the area tree. This section describes the geometric location of such marks, and how conflicts between marks are to be resolved.

4.9.1 Geometry

Each area is rendered in a particular location. Formatting object semantics describe the location of intrinsic marks relative to the object's location, i.e., the left, right, top, and bottom edges of its content-rectangle. This section describes how the area's location is determined, which determines the location of its intrinsic marks.

For each page, the page-viewport-area corresponds isometrically to the output medium.

The page-reference-area is offset from the page-viewport-area as described below in section 4.9.2 Viewport Geometry.

All areas in the tree with an area-class of

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

95 are positioned such that the left-, right-, top-, and bottom-edges of its content-rectangle are offset inward from the content-rectangle of its ancestor page-viewport-area by distances specified by the left-position, right-position, top-position, and bottom-position traits, respectively.

Any area in the tree which is the child of a viewport-area is rendered as described in section 4.9.2 Viewport Geometry.

All other areas in the tree are positioned such that the left-, right-, top-, and bottom-edges of its content-rectangle are offset inward from the content-rectangle of its nearest ancestor reference-area by distances specified by the left-position, right-position, top-position, and bottom-position traits, respectively. These are shifted down and left by the values of the top-offset and left-offset traits, respectively, if the area has a relative-position of

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58.

4.9.2 Viewport Geometry

A reference-area which is the child of a viewport-area is positioned such that the start-edge and end-edge of its content-rectangle are parallel to the start-edge and end-edge of the content-rectangle of its parent viewport-area. The start-edge of its content-rectangle is offset from the start-edge of the content-rectangle of its parent viewport-area by an inline-scroll-amount, and the before-edge of its content-rectangle is offset from the before-edge of the content-rectangle of its parent viewport-area by a block-scroll-amount.

If the block-progression-dimension of the reference-area is larger than that of the viewport-area and the overflow trait for the reference-area is

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59, then the inline-scroll-amount and block-scroll-amount are determined by a scrolling mechanism, if any, provided by the user agent. Otherwise, both are zero.

4.9.3 Visibility

The visibility of marks depends upon the location of the marks, the visibility of the area, and the overflow of any ancestor viewport-areas.

If an area has visibility

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60 it generates no marks.

If an area has an overflow of

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60, or when the environment is non-dynamic and the overflow is

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59 then the area determines a clipping rectangle, which is defined to be the rectangle determined by the value of the clip trait of the area, and for any mark generated by one of its descendant areas, portions of the mark lying outside the clipping rectangle do not appear.

4.9.4 Border, Padding, and Background

The border- and padding-rectangles are determined relative to the content-rectangle by the values of the common padding and border width traits [border-before-width, etc.].

For any area, which is not a child of a viewport-area, the border is rendered between the border-rectangle and the padding-rectangle in accordance with the common border color and style traits. For a child of a viewport-area, the border is not rendered.

For an area, which is not part of a viewport/reference pair, the background is rendered. For an area that is either a viewport-area or a reference-area in a viewport/reference pair, if the refined value of background-attachment is

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59 and the block-progression-dimension of the reference-area is larger than that of the viewport-area, then the background is rendered on the reference-area and not the viewport-area, and otherwise it is rendered on the viewport-area and not the reference-area.

The background, if any, is rendered in the padding-rectangle, in accordance with the background-image, background-color, background-repeat, background-position-vertical, and background-position-horizontal traits.

4.9.5 Intrinsic Marks

For each class of formatting objects, the marks intrinsic to its generated areas are specified in the formatting object description. For example, an fo:character object generates a glyph-area, and this is rendered by drawing a glyph within that area's content-rectangle in accordance with the area's font traits and glyph-orientation and blink traits.

In addition, other traits [for example the various score and score-color traits] specify other intrinsic marks. In the case of score traits [underline-score, overline-score and through-score], the score thickness and position are specified by the nominal-font in effect; where the font fails to specify these quantities, they are implementation-dependent.

4.9.6 Layering and Conflict of Marks

Marks are layered as described below, which defines a partial ordering of which marks are beneath which other marks.

Two marks are defined to conflict if they apply to the same point in the output medium. When two marks conflict, the one which is beneath the other does not affect points in the output medium where they both apply.

Marks generated by the same area are layered as follows: the area background is beneath the area's intrinsic marks, and the intrinsic marks are beneath the border. Layering among the area's intrinsic marks is defined by the semantics of the area's generating formatting object and its properties. For example, a glyph-area's glyph drawing comes beneath the marks generated for text-decoration.

The stacking layer of an area is defined by its stacking context and its z-index value. The stacking layer of an area A is defined to be less than that of an area B if some ancestor-or-self A' of A and B' of B have the same stacking context and the z-index of A' is less than the z-index of B'. If neither stacking layer is less than the other then they are defined to have the same stacking layer.

If A and B are areas, and the stacking layer of A is less than the stacking layer of B, then all marks generated by A are beneath all marks generated by B.

If A and B are areas with the same stacking layer, the backgrounds of A and B come beneath all other marks generated by A and B. Further, if A is an ancestor of B [still with the same stacking layer], then the background of A is beneath all the areas of B, and all the areas of B are beneath the intrinsic areas [and border] of A.

If A and B have the same stacking layer and neither is an ancestor of the other, then it is an error if either their backgrounds conflict or if a non-background mark of A conflicts with a non-background mark of B. An implementation may recover by proceeding as if the marks from the first area in the pre-order traversal order are beneath those of the other area.

4.10 Sample Area Tree

   [D]

A Typical Area Tree

5 Property Refinement / Resolution

Every formatting property may be specified on every formatting object. For each formatting object class, however, only a subset of the formatting properties are used; those that apply to the class.

During refinement the set of properties that apply to a formatting object is transformed into a set of traits that define constraints on the result of formatting. For many traits there is a one-to-one correspondence with a property; for other traits the transformation is more complex. Details on the transformation are described below.

The first step in refinement of a particular formatting object is to obtain the effective value of each property that applies to the object. Any shorthand property specified on the formatting object is expanded into the individual properties. This is further described in 5.2 Shorthand Expansion. For any property that has not been specified on the object the inherited [see 5.1.4 Inheritance] or initial value, as applicable, is used as the effective value. The second step is to transform this property set into traits.

Note:

Although the refinement process is described in a series of steps, this is solely for the convenience of exposition and does not imply they must be implemented as separate steps in any conforming implementation. A conforming implementation must only achieve the same effect.

5.1 Specified, Computed, and Actual Values, and Inheritance

For every property that is applicable to a given formatting object, it is necessary to determine the value of the property. Three variants of the property value are distinguished: the specified value, the computed value, and the actual value. The "specified value" is one that is placed on the formatting object during the tree-construction process. A specified value may not be in a form that is directly usable; for example, it may be a percentage or other expression that must be converted into an absolute value. A value resulting from such a conversion is called the "computed value". Finally, the computed value may not be realizable on the output medium and may need to be adjusted prior to use in rendering. For example, a line width may be adjusted to become an integral number of output medium pixels. This adjusted value is the "actual value."

5.1.1 Specified Values

The specified value of a property is determined using the following mechanisms [in order of precedence]:

1. If the tree-construction process placed the property on the formatting object, use the value of that property as the specified value. This is called "explicit specification".

2. Otherwise, if the property is inheritable, use the value of that property from the parent formatting object, generally the computed value [see below].

3. Otherwise use the property's initial value, if it has one. The initial value of each property is indicated in the property's definition. If there is no initial value, that property is not specified on the formatting object. In general, this is an error.

Since it has no parent, the root of the result tree cannot use values from a parent formatting object; in this case, the initial value is used if necessary.

5.1.2 Computed Values

Specified values may be absolute [i.e., they are not specified relative to another value, as in "red" or "2mm"] or relative [i.e., they are specified relative to another value, as in "auto", "2em", and "12%"], or they may be expressions. For most absolute values, no computation is needed to find the computed value. Relative values, on the other hand, must be transformed into computed values: percentages must be multiplied by a reference value [each property defines which value that is], values with a relative unit [em] must be made absolute by multiplying with the appropriate font size, "auto" values must be computed by the formulas given with each property, certain property values ["smaller", "bolder"] must be replaced according to their definitions. The computed value of any property that controls a border width where the style of the border is "none" is forced to be "0pt".

Some properties have more than one way in which the property value can be specified. The simplest example of such properties are those which can be specified either in terms of a direction relative to the writing-mode [e.g., padding-before] or a direction in terms of the absolute geometric orientation of the viewport [e.g., padding-top]. These two properties are called the relative property and the absolute property, respectively. Collectively, they are called "corresponding properties".

Specifying a value for one property determines both a computed value for the specified property and a computed value for the corresponding property. Which relative property corresponds to which absolute property depends on the writing-mode. For example, if the "writing-mode" at the top level of a document is "lr-tb", then "padding-start" corresponds to "padding-left", but if the "writing-mode" is "rl-tb", then "padding-start" corresponds to "padding-right". The exact specification of how to compute the values of corresponding properties is given in 5.3 Computing the Values of Corresponding Properties.

In most cases, elements inherit computed values. However, there are some properties whose specified value may be inherited [e.g., some values for the "line-height" property]. In the cases where child elements do not inherit the computed value, this is described in the property definition.

5.1.3 Actual Values

A computed value is in principle ready to be used, but a user agent may not be able to make use of the value in a given environment. For example, a user agent may only be able to render borders with integer pixel widths and may, therefore, have to adjust the computed width to an integral number of media pixels. The actual value is the computed value after any such adjustments have been applied.

5.1.4 Inheritance

Some of the properties applicable to formatting objects are "inheritable." Such properties are so identified in the property description. The inheritable properties can be placed on any formatting object. The inheritable properties are propagated down the formatting object tree from a parent to each child. [These properties are given their initial value at the root of the result tree.] For a given inheritable property, if that property is present on a child, then that value of the property is used for that child [and its descendants until explicitly re-set in a lower descendant]; otherwise, the specified value of that property on the child is the computed value of that property on the parent formatting object. Hence there is always a specified value defined for every inheritable property for every formatting object.

5.2 Shorthand Expansion

In XSL there are two kinds of shorthand properties; those originating from CSS, such as "border", and those that arise from breaking apart and/or combining CSS properties, such as "page-break-inside". In XSL both types of shorthands are handled in the same way.

Note:

Shorthands are included only in the highest XSL conformance level: "complete" [see 8 Conformance].

The conformance level for each property is shown in B.3 Property Table: Part II.

Shorthand properties do not inherit from the shorthand on the parent. Instead the individual properties that the shorthand expands into may inherit.

Some CSS shorthands are interrelated; their expansion has one or more individual properties in common. CSS indicates that the user must specify the order of processing for combinations of multiple interrelated shorthands and individual interrelated properties. In XML, attributes are defined as unordered. To resolve this issue, XSL defines a precedence order when multiple interrelated shorthand properties or a shorthand property and an interrelated individual property are specified:

They are processed in increasing precision [i.e., "border" is less precise than "border-top", which is less precise than "border-top-color"]. The individual properties are always more precise than any shorthand. For the remaining ambiguous case, XSL defines the ordering to be:

1. "border-style", "border-color", and "border-width" is less precise than

2. "border-top", "border-bottom", "border-right", and "border-left".

Processing is conceptually in the following steps:

1. Set the effective value of all properties to their initial values.

2. Process all shorthands in increasing precision.

   If the shorthand is set to "inherit": set the effective value of each property that can be set by the shorthand to the computed value of the corresponding property in the parent.

   If the value of the shorthand is not "inherit": determine which individual properties are to be set, and replace the initial value with the computed value derived from the specified value.

3. Process all specified individual properties.

4. Carry out any inheritance for properties that were not given a value other than by the first step.

Note:

For example, if both the "background" and the "background-color" properties are specified on a given formatting object: process the "background" shorthand, then process the "background-color" property.

5.3 Computing the Values of Corresponding Properties

Where there are corresponding properties, such as "padding-left" and "padding-start", a computed value is determined for all the corresponding properties. How the computed values are determined for a given formatting object is dependent on which of the corresponding properties are specified on the object. See description below.

The correspondence mapping from absolute to relative property is as follows:

If the "writing-mode" specifies a block-progression-direction of "top-to-bottom": "top" maps to "before", and "bottom" maps to "after".

If the "writing-mode" specifies a block-progression-direction of "bottom-to-top": "top" maps to "after", and "bottom" maps to "before".

If the "writing-mode" specifies a block-progression-direction of "left-to-right": "left" maps to "before", and "right" maps to "after".

If the "writing-mode" specifies a block-progression-direction of "right-to-left": "left" maps to "after", and "right" maps to "before".

If the "writing-mode" specifies an inline-progression-direction of "left-to-right": "left" maps to "start", and "right" maps to "end".

If the "writing-mode" specifies an inline-progression-direction of "right-to-left": "left" maps to "end", and "right" maps to "start".

If the "writing-mode" specifies an inline-progression-direction of "top-to-bottom": "top" maps to "start", and "bottom" maps to "end".

If the "writing-mode" specifies an inline-progression-direction of "bottom-to-top": "top" maps to "end", and "bottom" maps to "start".

If the "writing-mode" specifies an inline-progression-direction of "left-to-right" for odd-numbered lines, and "right-to-left" for even-numbered lines: "left" maps to "start", and "right" maps to "end".

Note:

"reference-orientation" is a rotation and does not influence the correspondence mapping.

5.3.1 Border and Padding Properties

The simplest class of corresponding properties are those for which there are only two variants in the correspondence, an absolute property and a relative property, and the property names differ only in the choice of absolute or relative designation; for example, "border-left-color" and "border-start-color".

For this class, the computed values of the corresponding properties are determined as follows. If the corresponding absolute variant of the property is specified on the formatting object, its computed value is used to set the computed value of the corresponding relative property. If the corresponding absolute property is not explicitly specified, then the computed value of the absolute property is set to the computed value of the corresponding relative property. If the corresponding relative property is specified on the formatting object and the absolute property only specified by the expansion of a shorthand, then the computed value of the absolute property is set to the computed value of the corresponding relative property.

Note that if both the absolute and the relative properties are not explicitly specified, then the rules for determining the specified value will use either inheritance if that is defined for the property or the initial value. The initial value must be the same for all possible corresponding properties. If both an absolute and a corresponding relative property are explicitly specified, then the above rule gives precedence to the absolute property, and the specified value of the corresponding relative property is ignored in determining the computed value of the corresponding properties.

The [corresponding] properties that use the above rule to determine their computed value are:

• border-after-color

• border-before-color

• border-end-color

• border-start-color

• border-after-style

• border-before-style

• border-end-style

• border-start-style

• border-after-width

• border-before-width

• border-end-width

• border-start-width

• padding-after

• padding-before

• padding-end

• padding-start

5.3.2 Margin, Space, and Indent Properties

The "space-before", and "space-after" properties [block-level formatting objects], "space-start", and "space-end" properties [inline-level formatting objects] are handled in the same way as the properties immediately above, but the corresponding absolute properties are in the set: "margin-top", "margin-bottom", "margin-left", and "margin-right". The .conditionality component of any space-before or space-after determined from a margin property is set to "retain".

Note:

The treatment of the .conditionality component is for CSS2 compatibility.

Note:

The computed value of a CSS2 margin in the block-progression-dimension specified as "auto" is 0pt. Any space-before or space-after determined from a margin value of "auto" is set to 0pt.

There are two more properties, "end-indent" and "start-indent" [block-level formatting objects] which correspond to the various absolute "margin" properties. For these properties, the correspondence is more complex and involves the corresponding "border-X-width" and "padding-X" properties, where X is one of "left", "right", "top" or "bottom". The computed values of these corresponding properties are determined as follows:

If the corresponding absolute "margin" property is specified on the formatting object and the formatting object generates a reference area the computed value of the margin is used to calculate the computed value of the corresponding "Y-indent" property, where Y is either "start" or "end". The computed value of the of the absolute "margin" property is determined by the CSS descriptions of the properties and the relevant sections [in particular section 10.3] of the CSS Recommendation referenced by these properties. The formulae for "start-indent" and "end-indent" are":

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64

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65

If the corresponding absolute "margin" property is specified on the formatting object and the formatting object does not generate a reference area, the computed value of the margin and the computed values of the corresponding "border-X-width" and "padding-X" properties are used to calculate the computed value of the corresponding "Y-indent" property. The formulae for "start-indent" and "end-indent" are:

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66

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67

If the corresponding absolute margin property is not explicitly specified, or if the corresponding relative property is specified on the formatting object and the absolute property only specified by the expansion of a shorthand, the corresponding absolute margin property is calculated according to the following formulae:

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68

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69

Note:

If the "start-indent" or "end-indent" properties are not specified their inherited value is used in these formulae.

5.3.3 Height, and Width Properties

Based on the writing-mode in effect for the formatting object, either the "height", "min-height", and "max-height" properties, or the "width", "min-width", and "max-width" properties are converted to the corresponding block-progression-dimension, or inline-progression-dimension.

The "height" properties are absolute and indicate the dimension from "top" to "bottom"; the width properties the dimension from "left" to "right".

If the "writing-mode" specifies a block-progression-direction of "top-to-bottom" or "bottom-to-top" the conversion is as follows:

• If any of "height", "min-height", or "max-height" is specified:

  • If "height" is specified then first set:

    block-progression-dimension.minimum=

    block-progression-dimension.optimum=

    block-progression-dimension.maximum=

  • If "height" is not specified, then first set:

    block-progression-dimension.minimum=auto

    block-progression-dimension.optimum=auto

    block-progression-dimension.maximum=auto

  • Then, if "min-height" is specified, reset:

    block-progression-dimension.minimum=

  • Then, if "max-height" is specified, reset:

    block-progression-dimension.maximum=

  • However, if "max-height" is specified as "none", reset:

    block-progression-dimension.maximum=auto

• If any of "width", "min-width", or "min-width" is specified:

  • If "width" is specified then first set:

    inline-progression-dimension.minimum=

    inline-progression-dimension.optimum=

    inline-progression-dimension.maximum=

  • If "width" is not specified, then first set:

    inline-progression-dimension.minimum=auto

    inline-progression-dimension.optimum=auto

    inline-progression-dimension.maximum=auto

  • Then, if "min-width" is specified, reset:

    inline-progression-dimension.minimum=

  • Then, if "max-width" is specified, reset:

    inline-progression-dimension.maximum=

  • However, if "max-width" is specified as "none", reset:

    inline-progression-dimension.maximum=auto

If the "writing-mode" specifies a block-progression-direction of "left-to-right" or "right-to-left" the conversion is as follows:

• If any of "height", "min-height", or "max-height" is specified:

  • If "height" is specified then first set:

    inline-progression-dimension.minimum=

    inline-progression-dimension.optimum=

    inline-progression-dimension.maximum=

  • If "height" is not specified, then first set:

    inline-progression-dimension.minimum=auto

    inline-progression-dimension.optimum=auto

    inline-progression-dimension.maximum=auto

  • Then, if "min-height" is specified, reset:

    inline-progression-dimension.minimum=

  • Then, if "max-height" is specified, reset:

    inline-progression-dimension.maximum=

  • However, if "max-height" is specified as "none", reset:

    inline-progression-dimension.maximum=auto

• If any of "width", "min-width", or "min-width" is specified:

  • If "width" is specified then first set:

    block-progression-dimension.minimum=

    block-progression-dimension.optimum=

    block-progression-dimension.maximum=

  • If "width" is not specified, then first set:

    block-progression-dimension.minimum=auto

    block-progression-dimension.optimum=auto

    block-progression-dimension.maximum=auto

  • Then, if "min-width" is specified, reset:

    block-progression-dimension.minimum=

  • Then, if "max-width" is specified, reset:

    block-progression-dimension.maximum=

  • However, if "max-width" is specified as "none", reset:

    block-progression-dimension.maximum=auto

5.3.4 Overconstrained Geometry

The sum of the start-indent, end-indent, and inline-progression-dimension of the content-rectangle of an area should be equal to the inline-progression-dimension of the content-rectangle of the closest ancestor reference-area. In the case where a specification would lead to them being different the end-indent [and thus the corresponding margin] is adjusted such that the equality is true.

5.4 Simple Property to Trait Mapping

The majority of the properties map into traits of the same name. Most of these also simply copy the value from the property. These are classified as "Rendering", "Formatting", "Specification", "Font selection", "Reference", and "Action" in the property table in B.3 Property Table: Part II. For example, the property

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70 is refined into a font-style trait with a value of "italic".

Some traits have a value that is different from the value of the property. These are classified as "Value change" in the property table. For example, the property

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71 is refined into a background-position-horizontal trait with a value of "0pt". The value mapping for these traits is given below.

5.4.1 Background-position-horizontal and background-position-vertical Properties

A value of "top", "bottom", "left", "right", or "center" is converted to a length as specified in the property definition.

5.4.2 Column-number Property

If a value has not been specified on a formatting object to which this property applies the initial value is computed as specified in the property definition.

5.4.3 Text-align Property

A value of "left", or "right" is converted to the writing-mode relative value as specified in the property definition.

5.4.4 Text-align-last Property

A value of "left", or "right" is converted to the writing-mode relative value as specified in the property definition.

5.4.5 z-index Property

The value is converted to one that is absolute; i.e., the refined value is the specified value plus the refined value of z-index of its parent formatting object, if any.

5.4.6 Language Property

A value being a 2-letter code in conformance with [ISO639] is converted to the corresponding 3-letter [ISO639-2] terminology code, a 3-letter code in conformance with [ISO639-2] bibliographic code is converted to the corresponding 3-letter terminology code, a value of 'none' or 'mul' is converted to 'und'.

5.5 Complex Property to Trait Mapping

A small number of properties influence traits in a more complex manner. Details are given below.

5.5.1 Word spacing and Letter spacing Properties

These properties may set values for the space-start and space-end traits, as described in the property definitions.

5.5.2 Reference-orientation Property

The reference-orientation trait is copied from the reference-orientation property during refinement. During composition an absolute orientation is determined [see 4.2.2 Common Traits].

5.5.3 Writing-mode and Direction Properties

The writing-mode, direction, and unicode-bidi traits are copied from the properties of the same name during refinement. During composition these are used in the determination of absolute orientations for the block-progression-direction, inline-progression-direction, and shift-direction traits in accordance with 4.2.2 Common Traits.

5.5.4 Absolute-position Property

If absolute-position has the value "absolute" or "fixed", the values of the left-position, top-position, etc. traits are copied directly from the values of the "left", "top", etc. properties. Otherwise these traits' values are left undefined during refinement and determined during composition.

5.5.5 Relative-position Property

If relative-position has the value "relative" then the values of the left-offset and top-offset traits are copied directly from the "left" and "top" properties. If the "right" property is specified but "left" is not, then left-offset is set to the negative of the value of "right". If neither "left" nor "right" is specified the left-offset is 0. If the "bottom" property is specified but "top" is not, then top-offset is set to the negative of the value of "bottom". If neither "top" nor "bottom" is specified the top-offset is 0.

5.5.6 Text-decoration Property

The "text-decoration" property value provides values for the blink trait and a set of score and score-color traits. The specified color has the value of the color trait of the formatting object for which the "text-decoration" property is being refined.

A property value containing the token "underline" sets a value of "true" to the underline-score trait, and a value of specified color to the underline-score-color trait.

A property value containing the token "overline" sets a value of "true" to the overline-score trait, and a value of specified color to the overline-score-color trait.

A property value containing the token "line-through" sets a value of "true" to the through-score trait, and a value of specified color to the through-score-color trait.

A property value containing the token "blink" sets a value of "true" to the blink trait.

A property value containing the token "no-underline" sets a value of "false" to the underline-score trait, and a value of specified color to the underline-score-color trait.

A property value containing the token "no-overline" sets a value of "false" to the overline-score trait, and a value of specified color to the overline-score-color trait.

A property value containing the token "no-line-through" sets a value of "false" to the through-score trait, and a value of specified color to the through-score-color trait.

A property value containing the token "no-blink" sets a value of "false" to the blink trait.

5.5.7 Font Properties

The font traits on an area are indirectly derived from the combination of the font properties, which are used to select a font, and the font tables from that font.

The abstract model that XSL assumes for a font is described in 7.9.1 Fonts and Font Data.

There is no XSL mechanism to specify a particular font; instead, a selected font is chosen from the fonts available to the User Agent based on a set of selection criteria. The selection criteria are the following font properties: "font-family", "font-style", "font-variant", "font-weight", "font-stretch", and "font-size", plus, for some formatting objects, one or more characters. The details of how the selection criteria are used is specified in the "font-selection-strategy" property [see 7.9.3 font-selection-strategy].

The nominal-font trait is set to the selected font. In the case where there is no selected font and the 'missing character' glyph is displayed, the nominal-font trait is set to the font containing that glyph, otherwise [i.e., some other mechanism was used to indicate that a character is not being displayed] the nominal-font is a system font.

The dominant-baseline-identifier and actual-baseline-table traits are derived from the value of the "dominant-baseline" property. The value of this property is a compound value with three components: a baseline-identifier for the dominant-baseline, a baseline-table and a baseline-table font-size. The dominant-baseline-identifier is set from the first component. The baseline-table font-size is used to scale the the positions of the baselines from the baseline table and, then, the position of the dominant-baseline is subtracted from the positions of the other baselines to yield a table of offsets from the dominant baseline. This table is the value of the actual-baseline-table trait.

5.6 Non-property Based Trait Generation

The is-reference-area trait is set to "true" for specific formatting objects. The description of these formatting objects specify explicitly that this is the case. For all other formatting objects it is set to "false".

5.7 Property Based Transformations

5.7.1 Text-transform Property

The case changes specified by this property are carried out during refinement by changing the value of the "character" property appropriately.

Note:

The use of the "text-transform" property is deprecated in XSL due to its severe internationalization issues.

5.8 Unicode BIDI Processing

The characters in certain scripts are written horizontally from right to left. In some documents, in particular those written with the Arabic or Hebrew script, and in some mixed-language contexts, text in a single [visually displayed] block may appear with mixed directionality. This phenomenon is called bidirectionality, or "BIDI" for short.

The Unicode BIDI algorithm [UNICODE UAX #9] defines a complex algorithm for determining the proper directionality of text. The algorithm is based on both an implicit part based on character properties, as well as explicit controls for embeddings and overrides.

The final step of refinement uses this algorithm and the Unicode bidirectional character type of each character to convert the implicit directionality of the text into explicit markup in terms of formatting objects. For example, a sub-sequence of Arabic characters in an otherwise English paragraph would cause the creation of an inline formatting object with the Arabic characters as its content, with a "direction" property of "rtl" and a "unicode-bidi" property of "bidi-override". The formatting object makes explicit the previously implicit right to left positioning of the Arabic characters.

As defined in [UNICODE UAX #9], the Unicode BIDI algorithm takes a stream of text as input, and proceeds in three main phases:

1. Separation of the input text into paragraphs. The rest of the algorithm affects only the text between paragraph separators.

2. Resolution of the embedding levels of the text. In this phase, the bidirectional character types, plus the Unicode directional formatting codes, are used to produce resolved embedding levels. The normative bidirectional character type for each character is specified in the Unicode Character Database [UNICODE Character Database].

3. Reordering the text for display on a line-by-line basis using the resolved embedding levels, once the text has been broken into lines.

The algorithm, as described above, requires some adaptions to fit into the XSL processing model. First, the final, text reordering step is not done during refinement. Instead, the XSL equivalent of re-ordering is done during area tree generation. The inline-progression-direction of each glyph is used to control the stacking of glyphs as described in 4.2.5 Stacking Constraints. The inline-progression-direction is determined at the block level by the "writing-mode" property and within the inline formatting objects within a block by the "direction" and "unicode-bidi" properties that were either specified on inline formatting objects generated by tree construction or are on inline formatting objects introduced by this step of refinement [details below].

Second, the algorithm is applied to a sequence of characters coming from the content of one or more formatting objects. The sequence of characters is created by processing a fragment of the formatting object tree. A fragment is any contiguous sequence of children of some formatting object in the tree. The sequence is created by doing a pre-order traversal of the fragment down to the fo:character level. During the pre-order traversal, every fo:character formatting object adds a character to the sequence. Furthermore, whenever the pre-order scan encounters a node with a "unicode-bidi" property with a value of "embed" or "bidi-override", add a Unicode RLO/LRO or RLE/LRE character to the sequence as appropriate to the value of the "direction" and "unicode-bidi" properties. On returning to that node after traversing its content, add a Unicode PDF character. In this way, the formatting object tree fragment is flattened into a sequence of characters. This sequence of characters is called the flattened sequence of characters below.

Third, in XSL the algorithm is applied to delimited text ranges instead of just paragraphs. A delimited text range is a maximal flattened sequence of characters that does not contain any delimiters. Any formatting object that generates block-areas is a delimiter. It acts as a delimiter for its content. It also acts as a delimiter for its parent's content. That is, if the parent has character content, then its children formatting objects that generate block-areas act to break that character content into anonymous blocks each of which is a delimited text range. In a similar manner, the fo:multi-case formatting object acts as delimiter for its content and the content of its parent. Finally, text with an orientation that is not perpendicular to the dominant-baseline acts as a delimiter to text with an orientation perpendicular to the dominant-baseline. We say that text has an orientation perpendicular to the dominant-baseline if the glyphs that correspond to the characters in the text are all oriented perpendicular to the dominant-baseline.

Note:

In most cases, a delimited text range is the maximal sequence of characters that would be formatted into a sequence of one or more line-areas. For the fo:multi-case and the text with an orientation perpendicular to the dominant-baseline, the delimited range may be a sub-sequence of a line or sequence of lines. For example, in Japanese formatted in a vertical writing-mode, rotated Latin and Arabic text would be delimited by the vertical Japanese characters that immediately surround the Latin and Arabic text. Any formatting objects that generated inline-areas would have no affect on the determination of the delimited text range.

For each delimited text range, the inline-progression-direction of the nearest ancestor [including self] formatting object that generates a block-area determines the paragraph embedding level used in the Unicode BIDI algorithm. This is the default embedding level for the delimited text range.

Embedding levels are numbers that indicate how deeply the text is nested, and the default direction of text on that level. The minimum embedding level of text is zero, and the maximum embedding level is level 61. Having more than 61 embedding levels is an error. An XSL processor may signal the error. If it does not signal the error, it must recover by allowing a higher maximum number of embedding levels.

The second step of the Unicode BIDI algorithm labels each character in the delimited text range with a resolved embedding level. The resolved embedding level of each character will be greater than or equal to the paragraph embedding level. Right-to-left text will always end up with an odd level, and left-to-right and numeric text will always end up with an even level. In addition, numeric text will always end up with a higher level than the paragraph level.

Once the resolved embedding levels are determined for the delimited text range, new fo:bidi-override formatting objects with appropriate values for the "direction" and "unicode-bidi" properties are inserted into the formatting object tree fragment that was flattened into the delimited text range such that the following constraints are satisfied:

1. For any character in the delimited text range, the inline-progression-direction of the character must match its resolved embedding level.

2. For each resolved embedding level L from the paragraph embedding level to the maximum resolved embedding level, and for each maximal contiguous sequence of characters S for which the resolved embedding level of each character is greater than or equal to L,

   1. There is an inline formatting object F which has as its content the formatting object tree fragment that flattens to S and has a "direction" property consistent with the resolved embedding level L.

      Note:

      F need not be an inserted formatting object if the constraint is met by an existing formatting object or by specifying values for the "direction" and "unicode-bidi" properties on an existing formatting object.

   2. All formatting objects that contain any part of the sequence S are properly nested in F and retain the nesting relationships they had in the formatting object tree prior to the insertion of the new formatting objects.

      Note:

      Satisfying this constraint may require splitting one or more existing formatting objects in the formatting object tree each into a pair of formatting objects each of which has the same set of computed property values as the original, unsplit formatting object. One of the pair would be ended before the start of F or start after the end of F and the other would start after the start of F or would end before the end of F, respectively. The created pairs must continue to nest properly to satisfy this constraint. For example, assume Left-to-right text is represented by the character "L" and Right-to-left text is represented by "R". In the sub-tree

        
          LL
          LLLRRR
          RR
        
      

      assuming a paragraph embedding level of "0", the resolved embedding levels would require the following [inserted and replicated] structure:

         
          LL
          LLL
          
            RRR
            RR
          
        
      

      Note that the fo:inline with id equal to "A" has been split into two fo:inlines, with only the first one retaining the original id of "A". Since id's must be unique within the formatting object tree, the computed value of any id must not be replicated in the second member of the pair.

3. No fewer fo:bidi-override formatting objects can be inserted and still satisfy the above constraints. That is, add to the refined formatting object tree only as many fo:bidi-override formatting objects, beyond the formatting objects created during tree construction, as are needed to represent the embedding levels present in the document.

5.9 Expressions

All property value specifications in attributes within an XSL stylesheet can be expressions. These expressions represent the value of the property specified. The expression is first evaluated and then the resultant value is used to determine the value of the property.

Note:

The expression language supports operations on a limited set of datatypes. These do not include , , and . Values of these datatypes must be strings in the expression language. The definition of these datatypes specify the allowed form of these strings.

5.9.1 Property Context

Properties are evaluated against a property-specific context. This context provides:

• A list of allowed resultant types for a property value.

• Conversions from resultant expression value types to an allowed type for the property.

• The current font-size value.

• Conversions from relative numerics by type to absolute numerics within additive expressions.

Note:

It is not necessary that a conversion be provided for all types. If no conversion is specified, it is an error.

When a type instance [e.g., a string, a keyword, a numeric, etc.] is recognized in the expression it is evaluated against the property context. This provides the ability for specific values to be converted with the property context's specific algorithms or conversions for use in the evaluation of the expression as a whole.

For example, the "auto" enumeration token for certain properties is a calculated value. Such a token would be converted into a specific type instance via an algorithm specified in the property definition. In such a case the resulting value might be an absolute length specifying the width of some aspect of the formatting object.

In addition, this allows certain types like relative numerics to be resolved into absolute numerics prior to mathematical operations.

All property contexts allow conversions as specified in 5.9.12 Expression Value Conversions.

5.9.2 Evaluation Order

When a set of properties is being evaluated for a specific formatting object in the formatting object tree there is a specific order in which properties must be evaluated. Essentially, the "font-size" property must be evaluated first before all other properties. Once the "font-size" property has been evaluated, all other properties may be evaluated in any order.

When the "font-size" property is evaluated, the current font-size for use in evaluation is the font-size of the parent element. Once the "font-size" property has been evaluated, that value is used as the current font-size for all property contexts of all properties value expressions being further evaluated.

5.9.3 Basics

[1]   

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72   ::=   

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73[2]   

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74   ::=   

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75

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76

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77

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78

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79

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80

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81

5.9.4 Function Calls

[3]   

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82   ::=   

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83[4]   

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84   ::=   

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85

5.9.5 Numerics

A numeric represents all the types of numbers in an XSL expression. Some of these numbers are absolute values. Others are relative to some other set of values. All of these values use a floating-point number to represent the number-part of their definition.

A floating-point number can have any double-precision 64-bit format IEEE 754 value [IEEE 754]. These include a special "Not-a-Number" [NaN] value, positive and negative infinity, and positive and negative zero. See Section 4.2.3 of [JLS] for a summary of the key rules of the IEEE 754 standard.

[5]   

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86   ::=   

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87

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88[6]   

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89   ::=   

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90[7]   

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91   ::=   

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92[8]   

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93   ::=   

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94

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95[9]   

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96   ::=   

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97[10]   

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98   ::=   

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99

The following operators may be used with numerics:

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

00

Performs addition.

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

01

Performs subtraction or negation.

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

02

Performs multiplication.

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

03

Performs floating-point division according to IEEE 754.

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

04

Returns the remainder from a truncating division.

Note:

Since XML allows

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

01 in names, the

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

01 operator [when not used as a UnaryExpr negation] typically needs to be preceded by white space. For example the expression

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
        [Content in a language which allows either
         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

07 means subtract 2 points from 10 points. The expression

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

08 would mean a length value of 10 with a unit of "pt-2pt".

Note:

The following are examples of the

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

04 operator:

• 
  
    
      
      
    
    
      
    
  
  
  
    
      
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  10 returns

  
  
    
      
      
    
    
      
    
  
  
  
    
      
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           horizontal or vertical formatting]
      
    
  
  
  
  

  11

• 
  
    
      
      
    
    
      
    
  
  
  
    
      
          [Content in a language which allows either
           horizontal or vertical formatting]
      
    
  
  
  
  

  12 returns

  
  
    
      
      
    
    
      
    
  
  
  
    
      
          [Content in a language which allows either
           horizontal or vertical formatting]
      
    
  
  
  
  

  11

• 
  
    
      
      
    
    
      
    
  
  
  
    
      
          [Content in a language which allows either
           horizontal or vertical formatting]
      
    
  
  
  
  

  14 returns

  
  
    
      
      
    
    
      
    
  
  
  
    
      
          [Content in a language which allows either
           horizontal or vertical formatting]
      
    
  
  
  
  

  15

• 
  
    
      
      
    
    
      
    
  
  
  
    
      
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  16 returns

  
  
    
      
      
    
    
      
    
  
  
  
    
      
          [Content in a language which allows either
           horizontal or vertical formatting]
      
    
  
  
  
  

  15

Note:

The

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

04 operator is the same as the

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

19 operator in Java and ECMAScript and is not the same as the IEEE remainder operation, which returns the remainder from a rounding division.

Numeric Expressions[11]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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20   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

21

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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22

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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23[12]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

24   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

25

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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26

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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27

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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28[13]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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29   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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30

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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31

Note:

The effect of this grammar is that the order of precedence is [lowest precedence first]:

• +, -

• *, div, mod

and the operators are all left associative. For example, 2*3 + 4 div 5 is equivalent to [2*3] + [4 div 5].

If a non-numeric value is used in an AdditiveExpr and there is no property context conversion from that type into an absolute numeric value, the expression is invalid and considered an error.

5.9.6 Absolute Numerics

An absolute numeric is an absolute length which is a pair consisting of a Number and a UnitName raised to a power. When an absolute length is written without a unit, the unit power is assumed to be zero. Hence, all floating point numbers are a length with a power of zero.

Each unit name has associated with it an internal ratio to some common internal unit of measure [e.g., a meter]. When a value is written in a property expression, it is first converted to the internal unit of measure and then mathematical operations are performed.

In addition, only the mod, addition, and subtraction operators require that the numerics on either side of the operation be absolute numerics of the same unit power. For other operations, the unit powers may be different and the result should be mathematically consistent as with the handling of powers in algebra.

A property definition may constrain an absolute length to a particular power. For example, when specifying font-size, the value is expected to be of power "one". That is, it is expected to have a single powered unit specified [e.g., 10pt].

When the final value of a property is calculated, the resulting power of the absolute numeric must be either zero or one. If any other power is specified, the value is an error.

5.9.7 Relative Numerics

Relative lengths are values that are calculated relative to some other set of values. When written as part of an expression, they are either converted via the property context into an absolute numeric or passed verbatim as the property value.

It is an error if the property context has no available conversion for the relative numeric and a conversion is required for expression evaluation [e.g., within an add operation].

5.9.7.1 Percents

Percentages are values that are counted in 1/100 units. That is,

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

32 as a percentage value is

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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33 as a floating point number. When converting to an absolute numeric, the percentage is defined in the property definition as being a percentage of some known property value. If the percentage evaluates to "auto" the complete expression evaluates to "auto".

For example, a value of "110%" on a "font-size" property would be evaluated to mean 1.1 times the current font size. Such a definition of the allowed conversion for percentages is specified on the property definition. If no conversion is specified, the resulting value is a percentage.

5.9.7.2 Relative Lengths

A relative length is a unit-based value that is measured against the current value of the

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
        [Content in a language which allows either
         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

34 property.

There is only one relative unit of measure, the "em". The definition of "1em" is equal to the current font size. For example, a value of "1.25em" is 1.25 times the current font size.

When an em measurement is used in an expression, it is converted according to the font-size value of the current property's context. The result of the expression is an absolute length. See 7.9.4 font-size.

5.9.8 Strings

Strings are represented either as literals or as an enumeration token. All properties contexts allow conversion from enumeration tokens to strings. See 5.9.12 Expression Value Conversions.

5.9.9 Colors

A color is a set of values used to identify a particular color from a color space. Only RGB [sRGB] [Red, Green, Blue] and ICC [International Color Consortium] [ICC] colors are included in this Recommendation.

RGB colors are directly represented in the expression language using a hexadecimal notation. ICC colors can be specified through an rgb-icc function. Colors can also be specified through the system-color function or through conversion from an EnumerationToken via the property context.

5.9.10 Keywords

Keywords are special tokens in the grammar that provide access to calculated values or other property values. The allowed keywords are defined in the following subsections.

5.9.10.1 inherit

The property takes the same computed value as the property for the formatting object's parent object.

Note:

"inherit" is not allowed as an expression mixed with operations. The same functionality is provided by the from-parent[] function, which can be mixed with operations.

5.9.11 Lexical Structure

When processing an expression, white space [ExprWhitespace] may be allowed before or after any expression token even though it is not explicitly defined as such in the grammar. In some cases, white space is necessary to make tokens in the grammar lexically distinct. Essentially, white space should be treated as if it does not exist after tokenization of the expression has occurred.

The following special tokenization rules must be applied in the order specified to disambiguate the grammar:

• If the character following an NCName [possibly after intervening ExprWhitespace] is "

  
  
    
      
      
    
    
      
    
  
  
  
    
      
          [Content in a language which allows either
           horizontal or vertical formatting]
      
    
  
  
  
  

  35", then the token must be recognized as FunctionName.

• A number terminates at the first occurrence of a non-digit character other than "

  
  
    
      
      
    
    
      
    
  
  
  
    
      
          [Content in a language which allows either
           horizontal or vertical formatting]
      
    
  
  
  
  

  36". This allows the unit token for length quantities to parse properly.

• When an NCName immediately follows a Number, it should be recognized as a UnitName or it is an error.

• The Keyword values take precedence over EnumerationToken.

• If a NCName follows a numeric, it should be recognized as an OperatorName or it is an error.

Expression Lexical Structure[14]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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37   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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38

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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39

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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40

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

80

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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42[15]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
        [Content in a language which allows either
         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

43   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
        [Content in a language which allows either
         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

44[16]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
        [Content in a language which allows either
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45   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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46

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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47[17]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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48   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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49[18]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
        [Content in a language which allows either
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50   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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51[19]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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52   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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53[20]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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54   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

55

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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56[21]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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57   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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58

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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59

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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60[22]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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61   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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62[23]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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63   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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64[24]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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65   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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66[25]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

67   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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68[26]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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69   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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68[27]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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71   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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72[28]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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73   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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74[29]   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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75   ::=   

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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76

5.9.12 Expression Value Conversions

Values that are the result of an expression evaluation may be converted into property value types. In some instances this is a simple verification of set membership [e.g., is the value a legal country code]. In other cases, the value is expected to be a simple type like an integer and must be converted.

It is not necessary that all types be allowed to be converted. If the expression value cannot be converted to the necessary type for the property value, it is an error.

The following table indicates what conversions are allowed.

TypeAllowed ConversionsConstraintsNCName

• Color, via the system-color[] function.

• Enumeration value, as defined in the property definition.

• To a string literal

The value may be checked against a legal set of values depending on the property.AbsoluteNumeric

• Integer, via the round[] function.

• Color, as an RGB color value.

If converting to an RGB color value, it must be a legal color value from the color space.RelativeLength

• To an AbsoluteLength

The specific conversion to be applied is property specific and can be found in the definition of each property.

Note:

Conversions of compound property values are not allowed; thus for example, space-before.optimum="inherited-property-value[space-before]" is invalid. Permitted are, for example, space-before="inherited-property-value[space-before]" and space-before.optimum="inherited-property-value[space-before.optimum]" since they do not require conversion.

5.9.13 Definitions of Units of Measure

The units of measure in this Recommendation have the following definitions:

NameDefinitioncmSee [ISO31]mmSee [ISO31]in2.54cmpt1/72inpc12ptpxSee 5.9.13.1 PixelsemSee 5.9.7.2 Relative Lengths

5.9.13.1 Pixels

XSL interprets a 'px' unit to be a request for the formatter to choose a device-dependent measurement that approximates viewing one pixel on a typical computer monitor. This interpretation is follows:

1. The preferred definition of one 'px' is:

   • The actual distance covered by the largest integer number of device dots [the size of a device dot is measured as the distance between dot centers] that spans a distance less-than-or-equal-to the distance specified by the arc-span rule in //www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2//syndata.html#x39 or superceding errata.

   • A minimum of the size of 1 device dot should be used.

   • This calculation is done separately in each axis, and may have a different value in each axis.

2. However, implementors may instead simply pick a fixed conversion factor, treating 'px' as an absolute unit of measurement [such as 1/92" or 1/72"].

Note:

Pixels should not be mixed with other absolute units in expressions as they may cause undesirable effects. Also, particular caution should be used with inherited property values that may have been specified using pixels.

If the User Agent chooses a measurement for a 'px' that does not match an integer number of device dots in each axis it may produce undesirable effects, such as:

• moiré patterns in scaled raster graphics

• unrenderable overlapping areas when the renderer rounds fonts or graphics sizes upward to its actual dot-size

• large spaces between areas when the renderer rounds fonts or graphics sizes downward to its actual dot-size

• unreadable results including unacceptably small text/layout [for example, a layout was calculated at 72 dpi [dots per inch], but the renderer assumed the result was already specified in device dots and rendered it at 600 dpi].

Stylesheet authors should understand a pixel's actual size may vary from device to device:

• stylesheets utilizing 'px' units may not produce consistent results across different implementations or different output devices from a single implementation

• even if stylesheets are expressed entirely in 'px' units the results may vary on different devices

5.10 Core Function Library

5.10.1 Number Functions

numeric floor[numeric]

The

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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77 function returns the largest [closest to positive infinity] integer that is not greater than the argument. The numeric argument to this function must be of unit power zero.

Note:

If it is necessary to use the

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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77 function for a property where a unit power of one is expected, then an expression such as: "floor[1.4in div 1.0in]*1.0in" must be used. This also applies to the ceiling, round, and other such functions where a unit power of zero is required.

numeric ceiling[numeric]

The

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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79 function returns the smallest [closest to negative infinity] integer that is not less than the argument. The numeric argument to this function must be of unit power zero.

numeric round[numeric]

The

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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80 function returns the integer that is closest to the argument. If there are two such numbers, then the one that is closest to positive infinity is returned. The numeric argument to this function must be of unit power zero.

numeric min[numeric, numeric]

The

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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81 function returns the minimum of the two numeric arguments. These arguments must have the same unit power.

numeric max[numeric, numeric]

The

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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82 function returns the maximum of the two numeric arguments. These arguments must have the same unit power.

numeric abs[numeric]

The

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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83 function returns the absolute value of the numeric argument. That is, if the numeric argument is negative, it returns the negation of the argument.

5.10.2 Color Functions

color rgb[numeric, numeric, numeric]

The

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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84 function returns a specific color from the RGB color space. The parameters to this function must be numerics [real numbers] with a length power of zero.

color rgb-icc[numeric, numeric, numeric, NCName, numeric, numeric]

The

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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85 function returns a specific color from the ICC Color Profile. The color profile is specified by the name parameter [the fourth parameter]. This color profile must have been declared in the fo:declarations formatting object using an fo:color-profile formatting object.

The first three parameters specify a fallback color from the sRGB color space. This color is used when the color profile is not available.

The color is specified by a sequence of one or more color values [real numbers] specified after the name parameter. These values are specific to the color profile.

color system-color[NCName]

The

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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86 function returns a system defined color with a given name.

5.10.3 Font Functions

object system-font[NCName, NCName?]

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87 function returns a characteristic of a system font. The first argument is the name of the system font and the second argument, which is optional, names the property that specifies the characteristic. If the second argument is omitted, then the characteristic returned is the same as the name of the property to which the expression is being assigned.

For example, the expression "system-font[heading,font-size]" returns the font-size characteristic for the system font named "heading". This is equivalent to the property assignment 'font-size="system-font[heading]"'.

5.10.4 Property Value Functions

object inherited-property-value[NCName?]

The

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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88 function returns the inherited value of the property whose name matches the argument specified, or if omitted for the property for which the expression is being evaluated. It is an error if this property is not an inherited property. If the argument specifies a shorthand property and if the expression only consists of the inherited-property-value function with an argument matching the property being computed, it is interpreted as an expansion of the shorthand with each property into which the shorthand expands, each having a value of inherited-property-value with an argument matching the property. It is an error if arguments matching a shorthand property are used in any other way. Similarly, if the argument specifies a property of a compound datatype and if the expression only consists of the inherited-property-value function with an argument matching the property being computed, it is interpreted as an expansion with each component of the compound property having a value of inherited-property-value with an argument matching the component. It is an error if arguments matching a property of a compound datatype are used in any other way.

The returned "inherited value" is the computed value of this property on this object's parent. For example, given the following:

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

The background-color property on the fo:block is assigned the value "red" because the [computed, after inheritance] value of the color [not background-color] property on the fo:list-item-body that is the parent of the fo:block is "red".

numeric label-end[]

The

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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89 function returns the calculated label-end value for lists. See the definition in 7.30.11 provisional-label-separation.

numeric body-start[]

The

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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90 function returns the calculated body-start value for lists. See the definition in 7.30.12 provisional-distance-between-starts.

object from-parent[NCName?]

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91 function returns a computed value [see 5.1 Specified, Computed, and Actual Values, and Inheritance] of the property whose name matches the argument specified, or if omitted for the property for which the expression is being evaluated. The value returned is that for the parent of the formatting object for which the expression is evaluated. If there is no parent, the value returned is the initial value. If the argument specifies a shorthand property and if the expression only consists of the from-parent function with an argument matching the property being computed, it is interpreted as an expansion of the shorthand with each property into which the shorthand expands, each having a value of from-parent with an argument matching the property. It is an error if arguments matching a shorthand property are used in any other way. Similarly, if the argument specifies a property of a compound datatype and if the expression only consists of the from-parent function with an argument matching the property being computed, it is interpreted as an expansion with each component of the compound property having a value of from-parent with an argument matching the component. It is an error if arguments matching a property of a compound datatype are used in any other way.

object from-nearest-specified-value[NCName?]

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92 function returns a computed value of the property whose name matches the argument specified, or if omitted for the property for which the expression is being evaluated. The value returned is that for the closest ancestor of the formatting object for which the expression is evaluated on which there is an assignment of the property in the XML result tree in the fo namespace. If there is no such ancestor, the value returned is the initial value. If the argument specifies a shorthand property and if the expression only consists of the from-nearest-specified-value function with an argument matching the property being computed, it is interpreted as an expansion of the shorthand with each property into which the shorthand expands, each having a value of from-nearest-specified-value with an argument matching the property. It is an error if arguments matching a shorthand property are used in any other way. Similarly, if the argument specifies a property of a compound datatype and if the expression only consists of the from-nearest-specified-value function with an argument matching the property being computed, it is interpreted as an expansion with each component of the compound property having a value of from-nearest-specified-value with an argument matching the component. It is an error if arguments matching a property of a compound datatype are used in any other way.

object from-page-master-region[NCName?]

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93 function returns the computed value of the property whose name matches the argument specified, or if omitted for the property for which the expression is being evaluated.

In XSL 1.1 this function may only be used as the value of the "writing-mode" and "reference-orientation" properties. In addition the argument of the function must be omitted. If an argument is present, it is an error.

The computed value of the designated property is taken from that property on the layout formatting object being used to generate the region viewport/reference area pair.

If this function is used in an expression on a formatting object, F, that is a descendant of an fo:page-sequence, then the computed value is taken from the region specification that was used to generate the nearest ancestor region reference area which has as its descendants the areas returned by F.

If the argument specifies a property of a compound datatype and if the expression only consists of the inherited-property-value function with an argument matching the property being computed, it is interpreted as an expansion with each component of the compound property having a value of inherited-property-value with an argument matching the component. It is an error if arguments matching a property of a compound datatype are used in any other way.

Note:

Consider the following example:

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
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This example shows a very simple page layout specification. There is a single simple-page-master, named "all-pages". This page-master has two regions defined upon it, "xsl-region-body" and "xsl-region-before". The region named "xsl-region-before" is a page header that accepts static-content [said content is omitted for simplicity in this example]. The region named "xsl-region-body" is assigned the content of the single fo:flow in the single fo:page-sequence.

In this example, the definition of "xsl-region-body" has a "writing-mode" property. As written, the computed value of this property, "tb-rl", would have no effect on the writing-mode used to fill the region because the writing-mode value used when generating the region viewport/reference area pair would be the computed value on the fo:page-sequence that uses the "xsl-region-body" region definition to generate a region viewport/reference area pair. Since no "writing-mode" property is specified on either the fo:root nor its child, the fo:page-sequence, the initial value would be used for the writing mode for the content that fills the region reference area. The initial value of "writing-mode" is "lr-tb".

If, however, the above line that reads:

becomes

then the computed value of the "writing-mode" property on the region definitions would be used when instantiating all the viewport/reference area pairs. Thus for the xsl-region-body the specification on the region definition for "xsl-region-body" would be used and the content would receive vertical formatting instead of the default horizontal formatting. Similarly for the xsl-region-before, the computed value of the "writing-mode" on the region definition would be used, in this case the initial value of "lr-tb" inherited from fo:root and the content of the xsl-region-before would be formatted horizontally.

object from-table-column[NCName?]

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94 function returns the inherited value of the property whose name matches the argument specified, or if omitted for the property for which the expression is being evaluated, from the fo:table-column whose column-number matches the column for which this expression is evaluated and whose number-columns-spanned also matches any span. If there is no match for the number-columns-spanned, it is matched against a span of 1. If there is still no match, the initial value is returned. If the argument specifies a shorthand property and if the expression only consists of the from-table-column function with an argument matching the property being computed, it is interpreted as an expansion of the shorthand with each property into which the shorthand expands, each having a value of from-table-column with an argument matching the property. It is an error if arguments matching a shorthand property are used in any other way. Similarly, if the argument specifies a property of a compound datatype and if the expression only consists of the from-table-column function with an argument matching the property being computed, it is interpreted as an expansion with each component of the compound property having a value of from-table-column with an argument matching the component. It is an error if arguments matching a property of a compound datatype are used in any other way. It is also an error to use this function on formatting objects that are not an fo:table-cell or its descendants.

numeric proportional-column-width[numeric]

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95 function returns N units of proportional measure where N is the argument given to this function. The column widths are first determined ignoring the proportional measures. The difference between the table-width and the sum of the column widths is the available proportional width. One unit of proportional measure is the available proportional width divided by the sum of the proportional factors. It is an error to use this function on formatting objects other than an fo:table-column. It is also an error to use this function if the fixed table layout is not used.

object merge-property-values[NCName?]

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96 function returns a value of the property whose name matches the argument, or if omitted for the property for which the expression is being evaluated. The value returned is the specified value on the last fo:multi-property-set, of the parent fo:multi-properties, that applies to the User Agent state. If there is no such value, the computed value of the parent fo:multi-properties is returned. If the argument specifies a shorthand property and if the expression only consists of the merge-property-values function with an argument matching the property being computed, it is interpreted as an expansion of the shorthand with each property into which the shorthand expands, each having a value of merge-property-values with an argument matching the property. It is an error if arguments matching a shorthand property are used in any other way. Similarly, if the argument specifies a property of a compound datatype and if the expression only consists of the merge-property-values function with an argument matching the property being computed, it is interpreted as an expansion with each component of the compound property having a value of merge-property-values with an argument matching the component. It is an error if arguments matching a property of a compound datatype are used in any other way.

Note:

The test for applicability of a User Agent state is specified using the "active-state" property.

It is an error to use this function on formatting objects other than an fo:wrapper that is the child of an fo:multi-properties.

5.11 Property Datatypes

Certain property values are described in terms of compound datatypes, in terms of restrictions on permitted number values, or strings with particular semantics.

The compound datatypes, such as space, are represented in the result tree as multiple attributes. The names of these attributes consist of the property name, followed by a period, followed by the component name. For example a "space-before" property may be specified as:

space-before.minimum="2.0pt"
space-before.optimum="3.0pt"
space-before.maximum="4.0pt"
space-before.precedence="0"
space-before.conditionality="discard"

A short form of compound value specification may be used, in cases where the datatype has some components and for the datatype. In the first case the specification consists of giving a value to an attribute with a name matching a property name. Such a specification gives that value to each of the components and the initial value to all the non- components. For example:

space-before="4.0pt"

is equivalent to a specification of

space-before.minimum="4.0pt"
space-before.optimum="4.0pt"
space-before.maximum="4.0pt"
space-before.precedence="0"
space-before.conditionality="discard"

Note:

Since a value, that is not interpreted as "auto", is a valid value it may be used in a short form.

For the datatype the specification consists of giving a value that is valid for a component to an attribute with a name matching a property name. Such a specification gives that value to each of the components. For example:

keep-together="always"

is equivalent to a specification of

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

0

Short forms may be used together with complete forms; the complete forms have precedence over the expansion of a short form. For example:

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

1

is equivalent to a specification of

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

2

Compound values of properties are inherited as a unit and not as individual components. After inheritance any complete form specification for a component is used to set its value.

If the computed value of a corresponding relative property is set from the corresponding absolute property, the latter is used in determining all the components of the former.

Note:

For example, assuming a block-progression-direction of "top-to-bottom", in a specification of

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

3

the explicit setting of one of the components of the corresponding relative property will have no effect.

The following defines the syntax for specifying the datatypes usable in property values:

A signed integer value which consists of an optional '+' or '-' character followed by a sequence of digits. A property may define additional constraints on the value.

Note:

A '+' sign is allowed for CSS2 compatibility.

A signed real number which consists of an optional '+' or '-' character followed by a sequence of digits followed by an optional '.' character and sequence of digits. A property may define additional constraints on the value.

A signed length value where a 'length' is a real number plus a unit qualification. A property may define additional constraints on the value.

A compound datatype, with components: minimum, optimum, maximum. Each component is a . If "minimum" is greater than optimum, it will be treated as if it had been set to "optimum". If "maximum" is less than optimum, it will be treated as if it had been set to "optimum". A property may define additional constraints on the values, and additional permitted values and their semantics; e.g. 'auto' or .

A compound datatype, with components: length, conditionality. The length component is a . The conditionality component is either "discard" or "retain". A property may define additional constraints on the values.

A compound datatype, with components: block-progression-direction, and inline-progression-direction. Each component is a . A property may define additional constraints on the values.

A compound datatype, with components: minimum, optimum, maximum, precedence, and conditionality. The minimum, optimum, and maximum components are s. The precedence component is either "force" or an . The conditionality component is either "discard" or "retain". If "minimum" is greater than optimum, it will be treated as if it had been set to "optimum". If "maximum" is less than optimum, it will be treated as if it had been set to "optimum".

A compound datatype, with components: within-line, within-column, and within-page. The value of each component is either "auto", "always", or an .

A representation of an angle consisting of an optional '+' or '-' character immediately followed by a immediately followed by an angle unit identifier. Angle unit identifiers are: 'deg' [for degrees], 'grad' [for grads], and 'rad' [for radians]. The specified values are normalized to the range 0deg to 360deg. A property may define additional constraints on the value.

A signed real percentage which consists of an optional '+' or '-' character followed by a sequence of digits followed by an optional '.' character and sequence of digits followed by '%'. A property may define additional constraints on the value.

A single Unicode character valid in accordance with production [2] of [XML] or [XML 1.1]. For example, "c" or "∂".

A sequence of characters.

Note:

Given the allowable Expression Value Conversions [5.9.12 Expression Value Conversions], a property value of type must be a quoted value, an NCName, or a expression that evaluates to a ; anything else [e.g., an integer] is an error. An implementation may recover from this error by treating the unevaluated property value as a string.

A string of characters representing a name. It must conform to the definition of an NCName in [XML Names] or [XML Names 1.1].

A string of characters identifying a font.

Either a string of characters representing a keyword or a color function defined in 5.10.2 Color Functions. The list of keyword color names is: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow.

A string of characters conforming to an ISO 3166 [[ISO3166-1], [ISO3166-2], and [ISO3166-3]] country code.

A string of characters conforming to either a [ISO639-2] 3-letter terminology or bibliographic code or a [ISO639] 2-letter code representing the name of a language.

A string of characters conforming to an ISO 15924 script code.

A string of characters conforming to the definition of an NCName in [XML Names] or [XML Names 1.1] and is unique within the stylesheet.

A string of characters conforming to the definition of an NCName in [XML Names] or [XML Names 1.1] and that matches an ID property value used within the stylesheet.

A sequence of characters that is "url[", followed by optional white space, followed by an optional single quote ['] or double quote ["] character, followed by an IRI reference as defined in [RFC3987], followed by an optional single quote ['] or double quote ["] character, followed by optional white space, followed by "]". The two quote characters must be the same and must both be present or absent. If the IRI reference contains a single quote, the two quote characters must be present and be double quotes.

Note:

The definition differs from that in CSS2 in that this Recommendation allows IRIs whereas CSS2 only allows URIs.

"rect [" "]" where , , and specify offsets from the respective sides of the content rectangle of the area.

, , , and may either have a value or 'auto'. Negative lengths are permitted. The value 'auto' means that a given edge of the clipping region will be the same as the edge of the content rectangle of the area [i.e., 'auto' means the same as '0pt'.]

A immediately followed by a time unit identifier. Time unit identifiers are: 'ms' [for milliseconds] and 's' [for seconds].

A immediately followed by a frequency unit identifier. Frequency unit identifiers are: 'Hz' [for Hertz] and 'kHz' [for kilo Hertz].

6 Formatting Objects

6.1 Introduction to Formatting Objects

The refined formatting object tree describes one or more intended presentations of the information within this tree. Formatting is the process which converts the description into a presentation. See 3 Introduction to Formatting. The presentation is represented, abstractly, by an area tree, as defined in the area model. See 4 Area Model. Each possible presentation is represented by one or more area trees in which the information in the refined formatting object tree is positioned on a two and one-half dimensional surface.

There are three kinds of formatting objects: [1] those that generate areas, [2] those that return areas, but do not generate them, and [3] those that are used in the generation of areas. The first and second kinds are typically called flow objects. The third kind is either a layout object or an auxiliary object. The kind of formatting object is indicated by the terminology used with the object. Formatting objects of the first kind are said to "generate one or more areas". Formatting objects of the second kind are said to "return one or more areas". Formatting objects of the first kind may both generate and return areas. Formatting objects of the third kind are "used in the generation of areas"; that is, they act like parameters to the generation process.

6.1.1 Definitions Common to Many Formatting Objects

This categorization leads to defining two traits which characterize the relationship between an area and the formatting objects which generate and return that area. These traits are generated-by and returned-by.

The value of the generated-by trait is a single formatting object. A formatting object F is defined to generate an area A if the semantics of F specify the generation of one or more areas and A is one of the areas thus generated, or is a substituted form of one of the areas thus generated, as specified in section 4.7.2 Line-building.

In the case of substituted glyph-areas, the generating formatting object is deemed to be the formatting object which generated the glyph-area which comes first in the sequence of substituted glyph-areas. In the case of an inserted glyph-area [e.g., an automatically-generated hyphen] the generating formatting object is deemed to be the generating formatting object of the last glyph-area preceding the inserted glyph-area in the pre-order traversal of the area tree.

The value of the returned-by trait is a set of pairs, where each pair consists of a formatting object and a positive integer. The integer represents the position of the area in the ordering of all areas returned by the formatting object.

A formatting object F is defined to return the sequence of areas A, B, C, ... if the pair [F,1] is a member of the returned-by trait of A, the pair [F,2] is a member of the returned-by trait of B, the pair [F,3] is a member of the returned-by trait of C, ...

If an area is a member of the sequence of areas returned by a formatting object, then either it was generated by the formatting object or it was a member of the sequence of areas returned by a child of that formatting object. Not all areas returned by a child of a formatting object need be returned by that formatting object. A formatting object may generate an area that has, as some of its children areas, areas returned by the children of that formatting object. These children [in the area tree] of the generated area are not returned by the formatting object to which they were returned.

A set of nodes in a tree is a lineage if:

• there is a node N in the set such that all the nodes in the set are ancestors of N, and

• for every node N in the set, if the set contains an ancestor of N, it also contains the parent of N.

The set of formatting objects that an area is returned by is a lineage.

Areas returned by a formatting object may be either normal or out-of-line. Normal areas represent areas in the "normal flow of text"; that is, they become area children of the areas generated by the formatting object to which they are returned. Normal areas have a returned-by lineage of size one. There is only one kind of normal area.

Out-of-line areas are areas used outside the normal flow of text either because they are absolutely positioned or they are part of a float or footnote. Out-of-line areas may have a returned-by lineage of size greater than one.

The area-class trait indicates which class, normal or out-of-line, an area belongs to. For out-of-line areas, it also indicates the subclass of out-of-line area. The values for this trait are: "xsl-normal", "xsl-absolute", "xsl-footnote", "xsl-side-float", or "xsl-before-float". An area is normal if and only if the value of the area-class trait is "xsl-normal"; otherwise, the area is an out-of-line area. [See section 4.2.5 Stacking Constraints.]

The areas returned-by a given formatting object are ordered as noted above. This ordering defines an ordering on the sub-sequence of areas that are of a given area-class, such as the sub-sequence of normal areas. An area A precedes an area B in the sub-sequence if and only if area A precedes area B in the areas returned-by the formatting objects.

A reference-area chain is defined as a sequence of reference-areas that is either generated by the same formatting object that is not a page-sequence formatting object, or that consists of the region reference-areas or normal-flow-reference-areas [see 6.4.14 fo:region-body] generated using region formatting objects assigned to the same flow [see 6.4.1.4 Flows and Flow Mapping]. The reference-areas in the sequence are said to be "contained" by the reference-area chain, and they have the same ordering relative to each other in the sequence as they have in the area tree, using pre-order traversal order of the area tree.

6.2 Formatting Object Content

The content of a formatting object is described using XML content-model syntax. In some cases additional constraints, not expressible in XML content models, are given in prose.

The parameter entity, "%block;" in the content models below, contains the following formatting objects:

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

4

The parameter entity, "%inline;" in the content models below, contains the following formatting objects:

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

5

The following formatting objects are "neutral" containers and may be used, provided that the additional constraints listed under each formatting object are satisfied, anywhere where #PCDATA, %block;, or %inline; are allowed:

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

6

The following formatting objects are "neutral" containers that may be used as described by the constraints listed under each formatting object:

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

7

The following formatting objects define "points" and may be used anywhere as a descendant of fo:flow or fo:static-content:

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

8

The following "out-of-line" formatting objects may be used anywhere where #PCDATA, %block;, or %inline; are allowed [except as a descendant of any "out-of-line" formatting object]:

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

9

The following "out-of-line" formatting objects may be used anywhere where #PCDATA or %inline; are allowed [except as a descendant of any "out-of-line" formatting object]:

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

0

6.3 Formatting Objects Summary

basic-link

The fo:basic-link is used for representing the start resource of a simple link.

bidi-override

The fo:bidi-override inline formatting object is used where it is necessary to override the default Unicode-bidirectional-algorithm direction for different [or nested] inline scripts in mixed-language documents.

block

The fo:block formatting object is commonly used for formatting paragraphs, titles, headlines, figure and table captions, etc.

block-container

The fo:block-container flow object is used to generate a block-level reference-area.

bookmark

The fo:bookmark formatting object is used to identify an access point, by name, and to specify where that access point is within the current document or another external document. A given bookmark may be further subdivided into a sequence of [sub-]bookmarks to as many levels as the authors desire.

bookmark-title

The fo:bookmark-title formatting object is used to identify, in human readable form, an access point.

bookmark-tree

The fo:bookmark-tree formatting object is used to hold a list of access points within the document such as a table of contents, a list of figures or tables, etc. Each access point is represented by a bookmark.

change-bar-begin

The fo:change-bar-begin is used to indicate the beginning of a "change region" that is ended by its matching fo:change-bar-end. The change region is decorated with a change bar down either the start or end edge of the column. The style of the change bar is determined by the value of various change bar related properties.

change-bar-end

The fo:change-bar-end is used to indicate the end of a "change region" that is started by its matching fo:change-bar-begin.

character

The fo:character flow object represents a character that is mapped to a glyph for presentation.

color-profile

Used to declare a color profile for a stylesheet.

conditional-page-master-reference

The fo:conditional-page-master-reference is used to identify a page-master that is to be used when the conditions on its use are satisfied.

declarations

Used to group global declarations for a stylesheet.

external-graphic

The fo:external-graphic flow object is used for a graphic where the graphics data resides outside of the XML result tree in the fo namespace.

float

The fo:float serves two purposes. It can be used so that during the normal placement of content, some related content is formatted into a separate area at beginning of the page [or of some following page] where it is available to be read without immediately intruding on the reader. Alternatively, it can be used when an area is intended to float to one side, with normal content flowing alongside.

flow

The content of the fo:flow formatting object is a sequence of flow objects that provides the flowing text content that is distributed into pages.

flow-assignment

The fo:flow-assignment is used to specify the assignment of one sequence of flows to a sequence of regions.

flow-map

The fo:flow-map is used to specify the assignment of flows to regions.

flow-name-specifier

The fo:flow-name-specifier is used to specify one flow in a source-list.

flow-source-list

The fo:flow-source-list is used to specify the sequence of flows to assign in a particular fo:flow-assignment.

flow-target-list

The fo:flow-target-list is used to specify the sequence of regions to which flows are assigned in a particular fo:flow-assignment.

folio-prefix

The fo:folio-prefix formatting object specifies a static prefix for the folio numbers within a page-sequence.

folio-suffix

The fo:folio-suffix formatting object specifies a static suffix for the folio numbers within a page-sequence.

footnote

The fo:footnote is used to produce a footnote citation and the corresponding footnote.

footnote-body

The fo:footnote-body is used to generate the content of the footnote.

index-key-reference

The fo:index-key-reference formatting object is used to generate a set of cited page items for all the occurrences of the specified index-key.

index-page-citation-list

The fo:index-page-citation-list formatting object is used to group together the sets of cited page items generated by its fo:index-key-reference children. The ultimate effect of the fo:index-page-citation-list is to generate a formatted list of page numbers and ranges.

index-page-citation-list-separator

The fo:index-page-citation-list-separator formatting object specifies the formatting objects used to separate singleton page numbers or page number ranges in the generated list of page numbers.

index-page-citation-range-separator

The fo:index-page-citation-range-separator formatting object specifies the formatting objects used to separate two page numbers forming a range in the generated list of page numbers.

index-page-number-prefix

The fo:index-page-number-prefix formatting object specifies a static prefix for the cited page items created by fo:index-key-reference.

index-page-number-suffix

The fo:index-page-number-suffix formatting object specifies a static suffix for the cited page items created by fo:index-key-reference.

index-range-begin

The fo:index-range-begin formatting object is used to indicate the beginning of an "indexed range" associated with an index key. The index range is ended by a corresponding fo:index-range-end.

index-range-end

The fo:index-range-end is used to indicate the end of an "indexed range" that is started by its matching fo:index-range-begin.

initial-property-set

The fo:initial-property-set specifies formatting properties for the first line of an fo:block.

inline

The fo:inline formatting object is commonly used for formatting a portion of text with a background or enclosing it in a border.

inline-container

The fo:inline-container flow object is used to generate an inline reference-area.

instream-foreign-object

The fo:instream-foreign-object flow object is used for an inline graphic or other "generic" object where the object data resides as descendants of the fo:instream-foreign-object.

layout-master-set

The fo:layout-master-set is a wrapper around all masters used in the document.

leader

The fo:leader formatting object is used to generate leaders consisting either of a rule or of a row of a repeating character or cyclically repeating pattern of characters that may be used for connecting two text formatting objects.

list-block

The fo:list-block flow object is used to format a list.

list-item

The fo:list-item formatting object contains the label and the body of an item in a list.

list-item-body

The fo:list-item-body formatting object contains the content of the body of a list-item.

list-item-label

The fo:list-item-label formatting object contains the content of the label of a list-item; typically used to either enumerate, identify, or adorn the list-item's body.

marker

The fo:marker is used in conjunction with fo:retrieve-marker or fo:retrieve-table-marker to produce running headers or footers.

multi-case

The fo:multi-case is used to contain [within an fo:multi-switch] each alternative sub-tree of formatting objects among which the parent fo:multi-switch will choose one to show and will hide the rest.

multi-properties

The fo:multi-properties is used to switch between two or more property sets that are associated with a given portion of content.

multi-property-set

The fo:multi-property-set is used to specify an alternative set of formatting properties that, dependent on a User Agent state, are applied to the content.

multi-switch

The fo:multi-switch wraps the specification of alternative sub-trees of formatting objects [each sub-tree being within an fo:multi-case], and controls the switching [activated via fo:multi-toggle] from one alternative to another.

multi-toggle

The fo:multi-toggle is used within an fo:multi-case to switch to another fo:multi-case.

page-number

The fo:page-number formatting object is used to represent the current page-number.

page-number-citation

The fo:page-number-citation is used to reference the page-number for the page containing the first normal area returned by the cited formatting object.

page-number-citation-last

The fo:page-number-citation-last is used to reference the page-number for the last page containing the an area that is [a] returned by the cited formatting object and [b] has an area-class that is consistent with the specified page-citation-strategy.

page-sequence

The fo:page-sequence formatting object is used to specify how to create a [sub-]sequence of pages within a document; for example, a chapter of a report. The content of these pages comes from flow children of the fo:page-sequence.

page-sequence-master

The fo:page-sequence-master specifies sequences of page-masters that are used when generating a sequence of pages.

page-sequence-wrapper

The fo:page-sequence-wrapper formatting object is used to specify inherited properties for a group of fo:page-sequence formatting objects. It has no additional formatting semantics.

region-after

This region defines a viewport that is located on the "after" side of fo:region-body region.

region-before

This region defines a viewport that is located on the "before" side of fo:region-body region.

region-body

This region specifies a viewport/reference pair that is located in the "center" of the fo:simple-page-master.

region-end

This region defines a viewport that is located on the "end" side of fo:region-body region.

region-name-specifier

The fo:region-name-specifier is used to specify one region in a target-list.

region-start

This region defines a viewport that is located on the "start" side of fo:region-body region.

repeatable-page-master-alternatives

An fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives specifies a sub-sequence consisting of repeated instances of a set of alternative page-masters. The number of repetitions may be bounded or potentially unbounded.

repeatable-page-master-reference

An fo:repeatable-page-master-reference specifies a sub-sequence consisting of repeated instances of a single page-master. The number of repetitions may be bounded or potentially unbounded.

retrieve-marker

The fo:retrieve-marker is used in conjunction with fo:marker to produce running headers or footers.

retrieve-table-marker

The fo:retrieve-table-marker is used in conjunction with fo:marker to produce table-headers and table-footers whose content can change over different pages, different regions or different columns.

root

The fo:root node is the top node of an XSL result tree. This tree is composed of formatting objects.

scaling-value-citation

The fo:scaling-value-citation is used to obtain the scale-factor applied to the cited fo:external-graphic.

simple-page-master

The fo:simple-page-master is used in the generation of pages and specifies the geometry of the page. The page is subdivided into regions.

single-page-master-reference

An fo:single-page-master-reference specifies a sub-sequence consisting of a single instance of a single page-master.

static-content

The fo:static-content formatting object holds a sequence or a tree of formatting objects that is to be presented in a single region or repeated in like-named regions on one or more pages in the page-sequence. Its common use is for repeating or running headers and footers.

table

The fo:table flow object is used for formatting the tabular material of a table.

table-and-caption

The fo:table-and-caption flow object is used for formatting a table together with its caption.

table-body

The fo:table-body formatting object is used to contain the content of the table body.

table-caption

The fo:table-caption formatting object is used to contain block-level formatting objects containing the caption for the table only when using the fo:table-and-caption.

table-cell

The fo:table-cell formatting object is used to group content to be placed in a table cell.

table-column

The fo:table-column formatting object specifies characteristics applicable to table cells that have the same column and span.

table-footer

The fo:table-footer formatting object is used to contain the content of the table footer.

table-header

The fo:table-header formatting object is used to contain the content of the table header.

table-row

The fo:table-row formatting object is used to group table-cells into rows.

title

The fo:title formatting object is used to associate a title with a given page-sequence. This title may be used by an interactive User Agent to identify the pages. For example, the content of the fo:title can be formatted and displayed in a "title" window or in a "tool tip".

wrapper

The fo:wrapper formatting object is used to specify inherited properties for a group of formatting objects. It has no additional formatting semantics.

6.4 Declarations and Pagination and Layout Formatting Objects

6.4.1 Introduction

The root node of the formatting object tree must be an fo:root formatting object. The children of the fo:root formatting object are a single fo:layout-master-set, an optional fo:declarations, an optional fo:bookmark-tree, and a sequence of one or more fo:page-sequences and/or fo:page-sequence-wrapper elements. The fo:layout-master-set defines the geometry and sequencing of the pages; the children of the fo:page-sequences, which are called flows [contained in fo:flow and fo:static-content], provide the content that is distributed into the pages. The fo:declarations object is a wrapper for formatting objects whose content is to be used as a resource to the formatting process. The process of generating the pages is done automatically by the XSL processor formatting the result tree.

The children of the fo:layout-master-set are the pagination and layout specifications and flow-map specifications. There are two types of pagination and layout specifications: page-masters and page-sequence-masters. Page-masters have the role of describing the intended subdivisions of a page and the geometry of these subdivisions. Page-sequence-masters have the role of describing the sequence of page-masters that will be used to generate pages during the formatting of an fo:page-sequence. Flow-maps have the role of assigning flows to regions.

6.4.1.1 Page-sequence-masters

Each fo:page-sequence-master characterizes a set of possible sequences of page-masters. For any given fo:page-sequence, only one of the possible set of sequences will be used. The sequence that is used is any sequence that satisfies the constraints determined by the individual page-masters, the flows which generate pages from the page-masters, and the fo:page-sequence-master itself.

The fo:page-sequence-master is used to determine which page-masters are used and in which order. The children of the fo:page-sequence-master are a sequence of sub-sequence specifications. The page-masters in a sub-sequence may be specified by a reference to a single page-master or as a repetition of one or more page-masters. For example, a sequence might begin with several explicit page-masters and continue with a repetition of some other page-master [or masters].

The fo:single-page-master-reference is used to specify a sub-sequence consisting of a single page-master.

There are two ways to specify a sub-sequence that is a repetition. The fo:repeatable-page-master-reference specifies a repetition of a single page-master. The fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives specifies the repetition of a set of page-masters. Which of the alternative page-masters is used at a given point in the sub-sequence is conditional and may depend on whether the page number is odd or even, is the first page, is the last page, or is blank. The "maximum-repeats" property on the repetition specification controls the number of repetitions. If this property is not specified, there is no limit on the number of repetitions.

6.4.1.2 Page-masters

A page-master is a master that is used to generate a page. A page is a viewport/reference pair in which the viewport-area is a child of the area tree root. A page-viewport-area is defined to be the viewport-area of a page, and a page-area is defined to be the unique child of a page-viewport-area.

The page-viewport-area is defined by the output medium; the page-area holds the page contents and has the effect of positioning the page contents on the output medium.

A single page-master may be used multiple times. Each time it is used it generates a single page; for example, a page-master that is referenced from an fo:repeatable-page-master-reference will be used by the fo:page-sequence to generate one page for each occurrence of the reference in the specified sub-sequence.

Note:

When pages are used with a User Agent such as a Web browser, it is common that the each document has only one page. The viewport used to view the page determines the size of the page. When pages are placed on non-interactive media, such as sheets of paper, pages correspond to one or more of the surfaces of the paper. The size of the paper determines the size of the page.

In this specification, there is only one kind of page-master, the fo:simple-page-master. Future versions of this specification may add additional kinds of page-masters.

An fo:simple-page-master has, as children, specifications for one or more regions.

A region specification is used as a master, the region-master, in generating a viewport/reference pair consisting of a region-viewport-area and a region-reference-area. The region-viewport-area is always a child of a page-area generated using the parent of the region-master.

Note:

The regions on the page are analogous to "frames" in an HTML document. Typically, at least one of these regions is of indefinite length in one of its dimensions. For languages with a lr-tb [or rl-tb] writing-mode, this region is typically of indefinite length in the top-to-bottom direction. The viewport represents the visible part of the frame. The flows assigned to the region are viewed by scrolling the region reference-area through the viewport.

Each region is defined by a region formatting object. Each region formatting object has a name and a definite position. In addition, the region's height or width is fixed and the other dimension may be either fixed or indefinite. For example, a region that is the body of a Web page may have indefinite height.

The specification of the region determines the size and position of region-viewport-areas generated using the region formatting object. The positioning of the viewport is relative to its page-area parent.

For version 1.1 of this Recommendation, a page-master will consist of the following regions: "region-body" [one or more] and four other regions, one on each side of the body. To allow the side regions to correspond to the current writing-mode, these regions are named "region-before" [which corresponds to "header" in the "lr-tb" writing-mode], "region-after" [which corresponds to "footer" in the "lr-tb" writing-mode], "region-start" [which corresponds to a "left-sidebar" in the "lr-tb" writing-mode] and "region-end" [which corresponds to a "right-sidebar" in the "lr-tb" writing-mode]. It is expected that a future version of the Recommendation will introduce a mechanism that allows a page-master to contain an arbitrary number of arbitrarily sized and positioned regions.

Some types of region have conditional sub-regions associated with them, and the associated region-reference-areas are divided up by having child areas corresponding to the sub-regions, including a "main-reference-area" for the region. For region-masters to which the column-count property applies, the main-reference-area is further subdivided by having child-areas designated as "span-reference-areas" whose number depends upon the number of spans [i.e. block-areas with span="all"] occurring on the page. These in turn are subdivided by having child-areas designated as "normal-flow-reference-areas", whose number depends on the number of columns specified.

6.4.1.3 Page Generation

Pages are generated by the formatter's processing of fo:page-sequences. As noted above, each page is a viewport/reference pair in which the viewport-area is a child of the area tree root. Each page is generated using a page-master to define the region-viewport-areas and region-reference-areas that correspond to the regions specified by that page-master.

Each fo:page-sequence references either an fo:page-sequence-master or a page-master. If the reference is to a page-master, this is interpreted as if it were a reference to an fo:page-sequence-master that repeats the referenced page-master an unbounded number of times. An fo:page-sequence references a page-master if either the fo:page-sequence directly references the page-master via the "master-reference" property or that property references an fo:page-sequence-master that references the page-master.

6.4.1.4 Flows and Flow Mapping

There are two kinds of flows: fo:static-content and fo:flow. An fo:static-content flow holds content, such as the text that goes into headers and footers, that is repeated on many of the pages. An fo:flow flow holds content that is distributed across a sequence of pages. The processing of the fo:flow flows is what determines how many pages are generated to hold the fo:page-sequence. The fo:page-sequence-master is used as the generator of the sequence of page-masters into which the flow children content is distributed.

The children of a flow are a sequence of block-level flow objects. Each flow has a name that is given by its "flow-name" property. No two flows that are children of the same fo:page-sequence may have the same name.

The assignment of flows to regions on a page-master is determined by a flow-map. The flow-map is an association between the flow children of the fo:page-sequence and regions defined within the page-masters referenced by that fo:page-sequence.

Flow-maps are specified by fo:flow-map formatting objects. An fo:page-sequence uses the flow-map indicated by its flow-map-reference property when assigning its flows to regions. If the flow-map-reference property is not specified for the page-sequence then the implicit flow-map is used for that page-sequence, as in version 1.0 of this Recommendation. The "flow-name" property of a flow specifies to which region that flow is assigned. Each region has a "region-name" property. The flow-map assigns a flow to the region that has the same name.

To avoid requiring users to generate region-names, the regions all have default values for the "region-name" property. The region-body, region-before, region-after, region-start, and region-end have the default names "xsl-region-body", "xsl-region-before", "xsl-region-after", "xsl-region-start", and "xsl-region-end", respectively. It is an error for a page master to have two region-body descendants with the default region-name.

In addition, an fo:static-content formatting object may have a "flow-name" property value of "xsl-before-float-separator" or "xsl-footnote-separator". If a conditional sub-region of the region-body is used to generate a reference-area on a particular page, the fo:static-content whose name corresponds to the conditional sub-region shall be formatted into the reference-area associated with the sub-region, as specified in 6.12.1.3 Conditional Sub-Regions.

6.4.1.5 Constraints on Page Generation

The areas that are descendants of a page-area are constrained by the page-master used to generate the page-area and the flows that are assigned to the regions specified on the page-master. For fo:flow flows, the areas generated by the descendants of the flow are distributed across the pages in the sequence according to the flow-map in effect for that page-sequence. For fo:static-content flows, the processing of the flow is repeated for each page generated using a page-master having the region to which the flow is assigned with two exceptions: for an fo:static-content with a flow-name of

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
        [Content in a language which allows either
         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

97, the processing is repeated only for those page-reference-areas which have descendant areas with an area-class of

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

94, and for an fo:static-content with a flow-name of

  
    
    
  
  
    
  



  
    
        [Content in a language which allows either
         horizontal or vertical formatting]
    
  

99, the processing is repeated only for those page-reference-areas which have descendant areas with an area-class of

   
    LL
    LLL
    
      RRR
      RR
    
  

93.

6.4.1.6 Pagination Tree Structure

The result tree structure is shown below.

   [D]

Tree Representation of the Formatting Objects for Pagination

6.4.1.7 Example Flow Maps

A typical use of flow maps are where there are two or more flows that each, independently of each other, flow into separate regions on the pages. Another one is when the flow is flowed from one region into another region on the same page and continuing onto further pages. A third use is when two or more flows are "concatenated"; each flow beginning where the previous one ends.

6.4.1.7.1 Two flows mapping into their own regions

   [D]

Mapping flow A to region R, flow B to region S

In this case the flows are specified as:

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

1

and

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

2

The regions are specified with

01 and

02, respectively, and the flow map is specified as follows:

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

3

6.4.1.7.2 A flow mapping into two regions

   [D]

Mapping flow A to regions R1 and R2

In this case the flow map is specified as follows:

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

4

6.4.1.7.3 Two flows mapping into a region

   [D]

Mapping flows A and B to region R

In this case the flow map is specified as follows:

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

5

6.4.1.7.4 Two flows mapping into two regions

   [D]

Mapping flows A and B to regions R1 and R2

In this case the flow map is specified as follows:

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

6

6.4.2 fo:root

Common Usage:

This is the top node of the formatting object tree. It holds an fo:layout-master-set formatting object [which holds all masters used in the document], an optional fo:declarations, an optional fo:bookmark-tree, and one or more fo:page-sequence or fo:page-sequence-wrapper objects. Each fo:page-sequence represents a sequence of pages that result from formatting the content children of the fo:page-sequence. An fo:page-sequence-wrapper can also occur as the child of fo:root. An fo:page-sequence-wrapper can contain zero or more fo:page-sequence objects or fo:page-sequence-wrappers. The fo:page-sequence-wrapper is used to specify inherited properties for the fo:page-sequence objects it wraps; it has no additional formatting semantics.

Note:

A document can contain multiple fo:page-sequences. For example, each chapter of a document could be a separate fo:page-sequence; this would allow chapter-specific content, such as the chapter title, to be placed within a header or footer.

Areas:

Page-viewport-areas are returned by the fo:page-sequence children of the fo:root formatting object. The fo:root does not generate any areas.

Constraints:

The children of the root of the area tree consist solely of, and totally of, the page-viewport-areas returned by the fo:page-sequence children of the fo:root. The set of all areas returned by the fo:page-sequence children is properly ordered. [See Section 4.7.1 General Ordering Constraints.]

Contents:

  ...
  
    
      
      
    
  

7

It is an error if there is not at least one fo:page-sequence descendant of fo:root.

The following properties apply to this formatting object:

7.5 Common Accessibility Properties
7.30.8 id
7.24.1 index-class
7.24.2 index-key
7.27.11 media-usage

6.4.3 fo:declarations

Common Usage:

The fo:declarations formatting object is used to group global declarations for a stylesheet.

Areas:

The fo:declarations formatting object does not generate or return any areas.

Constraints:

None.

Contents:

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8

The fo:declarations formatting object may have additional child elements in a non-XSL namespace. Their presence does not, however, change the semantics of the XSL namespace objects and properties. The permitted structure of these non-XSL namespace elements is defined for their namespace[s].

6.4.4 fo:color-profile

Common Usage:

The fo:color-profile formatting object is used to declare an ICC Color Profile for a stylesheet. The color-profile is referenced again via the name specified in the "color-profile-name" property.

The color-profile is identified by the URI specified in the "src" property value. This URI may identify an internally recognized color-profile or it may point to a ICC Color Profile encoding that should be loaded and interpreted.

When the color-profile is referenced [e.g., via the rgb-icc function 5.10.2 Color Functions], the following rules are used:

1. If the color-profile is available, the color value identified from the color-profile should be used.

2. If the color-profile is not available, the sRGB [[sRGB]] fallback must be used.

Areas:

The fo:color-profile formatting object does not generate or return any areas.

Constraints:

None.

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9

The following properties apply to this formatting object:

7.30.16 src
7.18.2 color-profile-name
7.18.3 rendering-intent

6.4.5 fo:page-sequence

Common Usage:

The fo:page-sequence formatting object is used to specify how to create a [sub-]sequence of pages within a document; for example, a chapter of a report. The content of these pages comes from flow children of the fo:page-sequence as assigned by the flow-map in effect for that fo:page-sequence. The layout of these pages comes from the fo:page-sequence-master or page-master referenced by the master-reference trait on the fo:page-sequence. The sequence of areas returned by each of the flow-object children of the fo:page-sequence are made descendants of the generated pages as described below.

Areas:

The fo:page-sequence formatting object generates a sequence of viewport/reference pairs, and returns the page-viewport-areas. For each page-reference-area, and each region specified in the page-master used to generate that page-reference-area, the fo:page-sequence object also generates the viewport/reference pair for the occurrence of that region in that page-reference-area, and may generate a before-float-reference-area, footnote-reference-area, and main-reference-area, and one or more normal-flow-reference-areas. The generation of these further areas is described in the descriptions of the fo:simple-page-master, region-masters and fo:flow-map. It may also generate a title-area.

All areas generated by an fo:page-sequence have area-class "xsl-absolute".

The page-viewport-areas identify one of the sides as a page binding edge. This recommendation does not specify the mechanism for selecting which side is the page binding edge.

Note:

If the User Agent can determine that the result is to be bound, then the page binding edge of any given page is the edge on which that page is intended to be bound.

Commonly the page binding edge of a page with an odd folio-number is the start-edge of that page and the binding-edge of a page with an even folio-number is the end-edge of that page.

The binding can be a simple as stapling or may be as complex as producing a book using an imposition scheme.

For each formatting object descendant D under the change bar influence of a given fo:change-bar-begin object F [as defined in 6.13.2 fo:change-bar-begin], the fo:page-sequence generates a "change bar area" for each area A returned by D, as a child of the ancestor region-area of A. Each change bar area is of class xsl-absolute, with zero margin and padding, with border-end-color given by the change-bar-color of F, with border-end-style given by the change-bar-style of F, with border-end-width given by the change-bar-width of F, with inline progression-dimension equal to zero and block-progression-dimension equal to the dimension of A parallel to the block-progression-dimension of the region-area.

The change bar area is positioned to be adjacent to the nearest ancestor area C of A which is either a normal-flow-reference-area or region-reference-area. The change bar area is aligned with A and lies away from C by a distance given by the change-bar-offset of F, with respect to the start-edge or the end-edge of C as determined by the change-bar-placement trait of F.

Trait Derivation:

The reference-orientation and writing-mode of the region-viewport-areas are determined by the values of the "reference-orientation" and "writing-mode" properties of the fo:page-sequence.

Note:

The value may be given as an explicit value or the from-page-master-region function may be used to obtain the value specified on the layout formatting object being used to generate the region viewport/reference area pair.

Constraints:

Each page-viewport-area/page-reference-area pair is generated using a page-master that satisfies the constraints of the page-sequence-master identified by the master-reference trait of the fo:page-sequence or a page-master that was directly identified by the master-reference trait. The region-viewport-area children of such a page-reference-area must correspond to the regions that are children of that page-master.

The areas generated by the fo:page-sequence have as their descendants the areas returned by the flows that are children of the fo:page-sequence.

The areas returned to the fo:page-sequence by a flow must satisfy five types of constraints:

• Completeness. All areas returned by formatting object descendants of the flow children of the fo:page-sequence become descendants of areas generated by the fo:page-sequence, with the exception of glyph-areas subject to deletion or substitution as in Sections 4.7.2 Line-building and 4.7.3 Inline-building.

• Flow-map association. The areas returned from a flow child of the fo:page-sequence must be descendants of region-reference-areas generated using regions to which the flow is assigned by the flow-map in effect.

  Areas returned from an fo:static-content with a flow-name of

  
  
    
      
      
    
    
      
    
  
  
  
    
      
          [Content in a language which allows either
           horizontal or vertical formatting]
      
    
  
  
  
  

  97 become children of the before-float-reference-area of an area associated to an fo:region-body, following all sibling areas of area-class

     
      LL
      LLL
      
        RRR
        RR
      
    
  

  94. Areas returned from an fo:static-content with a flow-name of

  
  
    
      
      
    
    
      
    
  
  
  
    
      
          [Content in a language which allows either
           horizontal or vertical formatting]
      
    
  
  
  
  

  99 become children of the footnote-reference-area of an area associated to an fo:region-body, preceding all sibling areas of area-class

     
      LL
      LLL
      
        RRR
        RR
      
    
  

  93.

  If the flow-map-reference is specified, the flow-map in effect is the one described by the fo:flow-map child of the fo:layout-master-set having a flow-map-name matching the specified value of flow-map-reference on the fo:page-sequence. If the flow-map-reference is not specified, the flow-map in effect is the implicit flow-map shown in 6.4.22 fo:flow-map.

• Area-class association. Areas returned by flow children of an fo:page-sequence are distributed as follows:

  • All areas of area-class

       
        LL
        LLL
        
          RRR
          RR
        
      
    

    93, and all areas returned from an fo:static-content with a flow-name of

    
    
      
        
        
      
      
        
      
    
    
    
      
        
            [Content in a language which allows either
             horizontal or vertical formatting]
        
      
    
    
    
    

    99, must be descendants of a footnote-reference-area;

  • all areas of area-class

       
        LL
        LLL
        
          RRR
          RR
        
      
    

    94, and all areas returned from an fo:static-content with a flow-name of

    
    
      
        
        
      
      
        
      
    
    
    
      
        
            [Content in a language which allows either
             horizontal or vertical formatting]
        
      
    
    
    
    

    97, must be descendants of a before-float-reference-area;

  all other areas must be descendants of a region-reference-area and further they must be descendants of a main-reference-area child of that region-reference-area if it has one.

• Stacking. The stackable areas of a given class returned by children of each flow are properly stacked within the appropriate reference-area, as described above.

• Flow-assignment ordering. The default ordering constraint of 4.7.1 General Ordering Constraints does not apply to the fo:page-sequence. The default ordering constraint applies to the flow object children inside each fo:flow; special ordering constraints apply to the child fo:static-content objects.

  If the flow-map in effect for a page-sequence has a flow-assignment child with flow-source-list S and flow-target-list T and the child flow-name-specifiers of S have flow-name-reference values F1,...,Fm, and the child region-name-specifiers of T have region-name-reference values R1,...,Rn, then for each area-class C, the areas returned to the page-sequence belonging to that class have the same order in the area tree [relative to the region ordering] as their generating formatting objects [relative to the flow ordering]. That is, if A and B are areas of area-class C and either A and B are returned by the same flow with A returned prior to B, or A and B are returned by flows with flow-name values Fi and Fj, respectively, for some i and j such that i